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××大学毕业设计（论文）题目AnalysisofthecontextualmeaningofEnglishWord作者张芳丹层次本科专业英语学号指导教师×年×月×日××大学成人高等教育毕业论文（设计）评审表姓名性别女学号院系专业英语指导老师答辩（或完成）日期年月日论文题目AnalysisofthecontextualmeaningofEnglishWord〔摘要〕Asisknowntous,thecontextistheenvironmentthatthewordisused,itoftendeterminestheexactmeaningofwords.Nowadays,moreandmorewordsappeartoexpressnewconceptswiththedevelopmentofthescienceandtechnology.Butnoteveryconcepthasitsownword.Therefore,manycommonwordsareusedtoexpresssomenewconcepts,thenacommonwordhasitsspecialmeaningduetotheplacewhereitisused,namelycontextualmeaning.Inthispaper,theauthordividescontextintotwoparts:figuresofspeech,culture.TheanalysisoncontextualmeaningofEnglishwordsisabletoprovideaclueforunderstandingthemeaningofEnglishwordsusedinsomespecialcontextrightlyaswellastoavoidembarrassmentcausedbyinterpretingawordliterally.毕业论文评语建议评定等级：指导老师签字：年月日评阅老师评语评阅老师签字：年月日答辩小组意见毕业答辩成绩：签字：年月日注：此表一式二份，与学籍表一起进入学员毕业档案××大学毕业设计（论文）任务书学院学生姓名：学号：专业：英语1设计（论文）题目及专题：AnalysisofthecontextualmeaningofEnglishWord2学生设计（论文）时间：自年月日开始至年月日止3设计（论文）所用资源和参考资料：〔1〕Nida,E.A.LanguageinCultureandSociety.NewYork:Harper&Row.1964.(thewholebook)〔2〕Ogden,C.KandRichard,I.A.TheMeaningofMeaning〔M〕.London:RoutledgeandKeganPAUL.1923.(thewholebook)〔3〕Saeed,J.I.Semantics.Oxford:Blackwell.1997.(frompage53to132)〔4〕胡壮麟.语言学教程〔M〕.北京：北京大学出版社.2005.6(thewholebook)〔5〕何伟.英语语篇中的时态研究.北京大学出版社.2008.2(frompage50to193)4设计（论文）完成的主要内容：Ⅰ．ContextualMeaningandFiguresofSpeechⅡ.ContextualMeaningandCulture5提交设计（论文）形式（设计说明与图纸或论文等）及要求：〔1〕要求认真、独立完成毕业论文（设计）的写作〔2〕要求按照学校规定的论文（设计）格式撰写论文（设计）〔3〕要求及时同指导老师进行沟通，按步骤完成论文（设计）的写作和答辩工作。6发题时间：年月日指导教师：（签名）学生：（签名）AnalysisofthecontextualmeaningofEnglishWords张芳丹AbstractAsisknowntous,thecontextistheenvironmentthatthewordisused,itoftendeterminestheexactmeaningofwords.Nowadays,moreandmorewordsappeartoexpressnewconceptswiththedevelopmentofthescienceandtechnology.Butnoteveryconcepthasitsownword.Therefore,manycommonwordsareusedtoexpresssomenewconcepts,thenacommonwordhasitsspecialmeaningduetotheplacewhereitisused,namelycontextualmeaning.Inthispaper,theauthordividescontextintotwoparts:figuresofspeech,culture.TheanalysisoncontextualmeaningofEnglishwordsisabletoprovideaclueforunderstandingthemeaningofEnglishwordsusedinsomespecialcontextrightlyaswellastoavoidembarrassmentcausedbyinterpretingawordliterally.KeyWordsEnglishwords;context;contextualmeaningⅠ．ContextualMeaningandFiguresofSpeechTiisknowntoallthatlanguageisthemeansofcommunication.Incommunication,figurativelanguageisoftenemployedbywritersorspeakerstomakehisideaconcreteandvivid.Afresh,properfigureofspeechcanappealtotheimagination,creatementalpictureandmakethespeechorwritingvivid,impressiveandinteresting.English,asacommunicationdevice,arefulloffiguresofspeech.Mostoffiguresofspeecharebasedonresemblanceinimage.Theymaybedirectorimpliedcomparison,likeninginanimateobjectstopeopleoraddressingthemassuch.Somefiguresofspeecharebasedontheassociationbetweenthethingsandpeople,betweenthepartandthewhole,orbetweenoppositethings,etc.otherscomeintobeingthroughusage,proverbialrelationshiporexaggeration.ToEnglishlearner,whatmatterafterallisnotexactlyhowmanykindsoffiguresofspeechthereareinEnglishlanguage,buthowwellonecanlearntounderstandandevenmakeuseofthem.Wordstoanessayarebrickstoabuilding,ormoleculestoasubstance,smallastheyare,unimportanttheyarenot,tosomeextent,thefiguresofspeechcanbetreatedasthecontextsofEnglishword.Therefore,inordertostudythecontextualmeaningofEnglishwordswhichusedfiguratively.SotheauthorinthispaperanalyzessomecommonfiguresofspeechcontextinEnglishlanguage.A.MetonymyAsweknowthenameofanobjectorconceptareoftenreplacedwithsomeotherwordsrelatedtoorsuggestedbytheoriginal,sotheoriginalofcoursehasitscontextualmeaning.Hereisanexampleforillustration:TheCross,theCrown,theScalesmayallAswehavebeentheSword----RobertFrastInthissentence,theCrossdoesnotmeanashapelikeanuprightpostwithabarcrossit,butstandfortheChristianreligion;theCrownisnotacirculardecorationusuallymadeofgoldwithjewelsinit,whichakingorqueenwearsontheirhead,butrepresentpower;theScalesisnotamachineforweighingthings,butstandfortrade.Anotherexampleasfollowingsmaybemuchclearer.WheneveryoucomeintoaDIYrestaurant,youcanseeanadvertisementmarkBewareoftheBottle.Doesitmeanthatyoushouldbecarefulwiththeglassorplasticcontainerforliquids?Infact,thewordbottlepresentsadefinitepictureofthewinecontainer,andthissentencemayremindyoubewareofdrinkingwine.Itisacommonphenomenonthatmetonymyisusedinsocialcommunication.Itisdifficulttolistalltheexamplesthatmetonymyisusedinourlife,butwecanclearlyunderstandthemeaningofthewordwhichusedinmetonymythroughthisconclusion:Inmetonymy,sincethenameofanobjectorconceptisoftenreplacedwithsomeotherwordsrelatedtoorsuggestedbytheoriginal,sothecontextualmeaningofthewordsreferstothemeaningwhichtheoriginalrelatedtoorsuggested.BMetaphorMetaphorsarefoundinalllanguages.Theycanmakevivid;whatismore,theycanbringsomuchlifetolanguage.Englishisrichinmetaphorandoneoftenfindsexpressionssuchasfollowing:Shehasaheartofstone----sheiscallous,iron-heart.Heisafox----heissly,cunning,crafty