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1.Amplification1.1.WhatIsAmplification?Amplification,alsocalledaddition,meanssupplyingnecessarywordsinourtranslationonthebasisofaccuratecomprehensionoftheoriginal.1.2ClassificationofAmplification1.2.1.Wordsappliedforsemanticandrhetoricalconstruction（语义修辞性增补）1.2.1.1Supplyingverbsbeforeorafterthenoun.Theybuildroads,houses,bridges,ships,pipelines,andcanals.他们修路、盖房、架桥、造船、铺管道、挖运河。Ascientistconstantlytriedtodefeathishypothesis,histheories,andhisconclusion.科学家经常设法否定自己的假设，放弃自己的理论，推翻自己的结论。1.2.1.2.SupplyingadjectivesHebombardedherwithquestions.他连珠炮似的向她提出了许多问题。“Thisisgraspingatthestraws,Iknow,”saidthehelplessman.“我知道，这是在抓救命稻草。”他无可奈何地说。Theroofsofthispagodaareconstructedofcolouredglazedtiles（琉璃瓦）ofyellowsandgreens.这座宝塔的顶端是用浓淡不同的黄色和绿色琉璃瓦盖成的。1.2.1.3.Supplyingadverbstomaketheoriginalmeaningobvious.Theoldmansaid,“Theysayhisfatherwasafisherman.Maybehewasaspoorasweare.”老头说：”听人说，他爸爸过去是打鱼的，他以前八成跟咱们现在一样穷。Theoryissomething,butpracticeiseverything.理论固然重要，实践尤其重要。Iwasandremaingratefulforthepartheplayedinmysuccess.他帮助我取得了成功，对此我过去很感激，现在仍然很感激。1.2.1.4.Supplyingconjunctions.Howevercarefullyboilercasingsandthesteampipesaresealed,someheatescapesandislost.虽然锅炉壳与蒸汽管是严密封闭的，然而还是有一部分热损耗。1.2.1.5.Supplyingnouns.i.Aftertheverbs:Hebegantoseethingsandtounderstand.他开了眼界，懂得了些名堂。Hetriedtoseemangry,buthissmilebetrayedhim.他假装生气的样子，但是他的笑容暴露了他的真实情感（绪）。ii.Beforetheadjectives.Hewaswrinkledandblack,withscantgrayhair.他满脸皱纹，皮肤黝黑，头发花白稀疏。Anewkindofaircraft—small,cheap,pilotless—isattractingincreasingattention．一种新型的飞机正越来越引人注意——这种飞机体积不大，价钱便宜，无人驾驶。iii.Supplycategorywordsaftertheabstractnouns.Complexity复杂性（局面）Hostility敌对情绪（行为）Lightheartedness轻松愉快的心情Relativity相对论Necessity必要性Afterallpreparationsweremade,theplanetookoff.一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机起飞了。Allthepeopleatpresencewereannoyedbyhisfault-finding.所有在场的人都被他那种吹毛求疵的做法给激怒了。Heallowedhisfathertobeoverruledbythejudge,anddeclaredhisownsonguilty.他让法官的职责战胜了做父亲的情感，从而判决他儿子有罪。1.2.1.6.SupplyingoverlappingwordsornumeralsLadiesandgentlemen.先生们，女士们。/各位先生，各位女士。TheAmericansandtheJapaneseconductedacompletelysecretexchangeofmessages.美日双方在完全保密的情况下互相交换了信件。Thetransactioninvolvesyou,ourcompanyandanAmericantrader.这笔买卖涉及到你们公司、我们公司和一家美国贸易公司三方。Theveryearthtrembledaswiththetrampsofhorsesandmurmurofangrymen．连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。1.2.1.7.SupplyingmodalparticletoexpresstherhetoricandmeaningoftheSL.Asforme,Ididn’tagreefromtheverybeginning.我呢，从一开始就不赞成。Howdoyouexpectmetofallinlovewithsomeonewhospeakslikeabookallthetime?你怎么能指望我去钟情于一个专爱咬文嚼字的书呆子呢？1.3.Wordsappliedforsyntacticconstruction（结构性增补）1.3.1.增加原文对话部分答句中的省略成分--HowshallIdoit?--Justasyouwish.这事我该怎么办才好？你想怎么办就怎么办。/随你。--Iloveyou.–Ditto.1.3.2.增补原文中省略或被替代的动词Historiesmakemanwise;poetrywitty,themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞学使人善辩。Itriednottodrawtoomuchhopefromtheincident,butdespitemyresolve,Idid.我力图不要对这件事抱有太大的希望，但尽管有这样的决心，我还是对此存有奢望。1.3.3.增加原文比较句或中含蓄条件句省略的成分Betterbewisebythedefeatofothersthanbyyourown.从别人的失败中吸取教训要比从自己的失败中吸取教训要好。Thedoctorwillgetmorepracticeoutofhimthanoutof100ordinarypatients.医生从他身上得到的实践比会比从一百个普通病人身上得到的实践还多。Whatifsheshouldfail!万一她失败了该怎么办？！(1)IfeltatrifleshyatthethoughtofpresentingmyselftoatotalstrangerwiththeannouncementthatIwasgoingtosleepunderhisroof,eathisfoodanddrinkhiswhisky,tillanotherboatcameintotakemetotheportforwhichIwasbound.我要去见一个素不相识的陌生人，向他宣布我得住在他家、吃他的、喝他的，一直等到下一班船到来，把我带到我要去的港口为止──想到这儿，我真有点不好意思了。(2)Herdarkeyesmadelittlereflectedstars.Shewaslookingathimasshewasalwayslookingathimwhenheawakened.她那双乌黑的眼睛就像亮晶晶的星星在闪烁，他平素醒来的时候，她也是这样望着他。(3)Universityapplicantswhohadworkedatajobwouldreceivepreferenceoverthosewhohadnot.报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。(4)Therewasnosnow,theleavesweregonefromthetrees,thegrasswasdead.天未下雪，但叶落草枯。(5)Therewasnotasoundinher---andaroundusnothingmoved,nothinglived,notacanoeonthewater,notabirdintheair,notacloudinthesky.船上悄然无声，四周一片静谧，死一般沉寂，水面不见轻舟飘动，天空不见小鸟浮云。(6)Theproblemofalternativefuelsofvehicleisoneproblemweshallapproach.车辆的代用燃料是我们将要研究的一个问题。(7)TherearesomethingsthatIhavehappilyseenofthewondrouswayofthespider.蜘蛛的奇异动态，我曾有幸目睹。(译文省“therearesomethingsthat”后，文字简约，表达生动，意思明确。)(8)Inactualfact,theUnitedStatesispursuingapolicyofencouragingtheaggressor…实际上，美国在推行一种鼓励侵略者的政策……(9)Hewassmoothandagreeable.他待人处事，八面玲珑。(10)Standingasitdoesonahighhill,thechurchcommandsanewview.教堂建在高山上，向下眺望，风景优美。(11)Tolearnisnotaneasymatterandtoapplywhatonehaslearnedisevenharder.学习不容易，使用更加不容易。2.Repetition.2.1.ForClarityWhereversevereoppressionexisted，therewouldberevolution.哪里有残酷的压迫，哪里就有革命。Buthiswifekeptdinninginhisearsabouthisidleness,hiscarelessness,andtheruinhewasbringingonhisfamily.可是他老婆不断地在他耳朵边唠叨个没完，说他懒惰，说他粗心，并且说他的一家人都要毁在他的身上。Ignoranceisthemotheroffearaswellasofadmiration.MayIextendmyheartiestcongratulationstothegreatChinesepeopleanditsCommunistParty，throughyou,fortheglowingsuccessofyourtremendousrevolution,whichisnowinspiringtheworld．无知是羡慕的根源也是恐惧的根源。让我通过您最衷心地祝贺伟大的中国人民及其共产党，祝贺你们的革命取得了辉煌的胜利，这个胜利正在鼓舞着全世界。2.2.ForEmphasisEyeforeye,toothfortooth以眼还眼以牙还牙Easycome,easygo来得容易去得快Alltheafternoon,hewanderedalongthestreet,thinkingandthinking,broodingand