《英语教学法》Unit-11-Teaching-Reading

2021/1/291Whatisreading？Twotypesofreadingpractice----readingaloudandsilentreadingTheroleofvocabularyinreadingModelandprinciplesforteachingreadingThreestagesinteachingreading2021/1/292Reading----makingsenseoftextEncodinganddecoding:Incommunicationsandinformationprocessing,encodingistheprocessbywhichinformationfromasourceisconvertedintosymbolstobecommunicated.Decodingisthereverseprocess,convertingthesecodesymbolsbackintoinformationunderstandablebyareceiver.2021/1/293ReadingaloudSilentreadingMannerUtteranceofeverywordSilentSpeedUsuallyslowUsuallyfastPurposesUsuallyforsharinginfor.,forappreciationormemorizationsometimesForgettinginformationandsometimesforpleasureSkillsinvolvedPronunciationandintonationskimming,scanning,predicting,understandingreferences,makinginferences,evaluating…FormofactivityCollectiveactivityIndividualactivityLevelofdifficulty…EasytomanageasitcanbeobservedandheardDifficulttomanage2021/1/294Efficientreadingbeginswithalightening-likeautomaticrecognitionofwords.(DayandBamford,1998)Fordevelopingstudents'readingskills,thefirstobstacleisoftenthevocabulary.Therefore,atthebeginningstage,itisimportantforteacherstorealizethathelpingourstudentstoexpandtheirsightvocabularyisquiteimportant.Inotherwords,onlywhentheyareabletoquicklyrecognizetheEnglishwordsthatcomestotheirsightandmakeaconnectionbetweenthesewordsandtheirmeanings,cantheyhavespaceintheirbraintoprocessmeaningasawhole.Iftheyhavedifficultyprocessingeverynewwordtheirshorttermmemorywillbefullyoccupiedwithalltheindividualwords,thereforeleavingnospaceforthemtoprocessmeaning.2021/1/295Sightvocabulary----WordsthatyoucanrecognizewithbothsoundsandmeaningswithoutspecialeffortfromyourbrainThebestwaytodevelopvocabularyistoreadagreatdealsincerepetitionofnewwordshelpsinchangingnewlylearnedwordsintosightvocabulary.Butremember,possessingalargesightvocabularyisanecessarybutnotsufficientconditionforeffectivereadingcomprehension.2021/1/296Someprinciplesforteachingreading(p.184)ModelsforteachingreadingBottom-upTop-downInteractive2021/1/297Bottom-upmodelInteachingreading,theteacherbasicallyfollowsalinearprocessfromtherecognitionofletterstowords,tophrases,tosentences,toparagraphs,andthentothemeaningofthewholetext.Thiswayofteachingisknowntofollowabottom-upmodel.2021/1/298Top-downmodelinteachingreading,theteacherteachesthebackgroundknowledgefirstsothatstudentsequippedwithsuchknowledgewillbeabletoguessmeaningfromtheprintedpage.Thisprocessofreadingissaidtofollowthetop-downmodel.JustasGoodman(1970)oncesaidreadingis“apsycholinguisticguessinggame”.2021/1/299InteractivemodelThecurrenttheoryviewsreadingasaninteractiveprocess.Thatistosay,thebrainreceivesvisualinformationandatthesametime,interpretsorreconstructsthemeaningthewriterhadinmindwhenhewrotethetext.Thisprocessdoesnotonlyinvolvetheprintedpagebutalsothereader’sknowledgeofthelanguageingeneral,oftheworld,andofthetexttypes.Duringtheprocessofreading,allthesefactorsinteractwitheachotherandcompensateforeachother.One’sgeneralknowledgeabouttheworldandabouttexttypesareknownasschemas.Theschematheory:Thebasicprinciplebehindtheschematheoryisthattextsthemselves,whetherspokenorwritten,donotcarrymeaning.Rathertheyprovidesignposts,orcluestobeutilizedbylistenersorreadersinreconstructingtheoriginalmeaningsofspeakersorwriters.Readingcomprehensionisthusaninteractiveprocessbetweenthereaderandthetext.Efficientcomprehensionrequirestheabilitytorelatethetextualmaterialtoone’sownknowledge.Comprehendingwords,sentences,andentiretextsinvolvesmorethanjustrelyingonone’slinguisticknowledge.Everyactofcomprehensioninvolvesone’sknowledgeoftheworldaswell.2021/1/2911Pre-readingactivities----Poolingtogethertheexistingknowledgeaboutthetopic,creatingexpectations(predictingcontents)andarousingstudent’sinterestaboutthetopicPredictingPredictingbasedonthetitlePredictingbasedonvocabularyPredictingbasedonT/FquestionsSettingthesceneSkimmingScanning2021/1/2912While-readingactivities----focusingontheprocessofunderstandingInformationtransferactivitiesReadingcomprehensionquestionsUnderstandingreferencesMakinginferences2021/1/2913Post-readingactivitiesDiscussionRole-playRetellingGap-fillingWriting