(完整)初中语法专题---形容词

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1/12形容词一、基本概念形容词和副词都是起修饰作用的词类。形容词用来描写和修饰名词或代词,说明人或事物的特征,性质或特点。二、基本分类性质形容词——直接表示事物的性质或特征,有级的变化,并且可以使用程度副词加以修饰。例如:good,large,heavy,beautiful等。大多数形容词都属于这一类。形容词叙述形容词——又叫作表语形容词,没有级的变化,也不能用程度副词加以修饰;多以a开头。例如:alone(单独的),afraid(害怕的),asleep(睡着的),alive(活着的),awake(醒着的),worth(值得的),unable(不可能的),ill(病的)。分词作形容词:现在分词作形容词表示主动;过去分词作形容词表示被动。例如:afrighteningfilm一部恐怖电影afrightenedgirl一个吓坏了的女孩aninterestingstory一个有趣的故事alockedgate一个上了锁的大门三、形容词用法详解1、构成1)普通形容词:本身即为形容词的词如:red,glad,nice,beautiful2)形容词具有独特的后缀形式主要有:-y,-able,-ible,-al,-ical,-ant,-ary,-ful,-less,-ous,-en,-ern,-n等。如:sunny,windy,funny,cloudy,noisy,lucky,comfortable,terrible,national,natural,political,chemical,important,pleasant,ordinary,necessary,beautiful,wonderful,careful,hopeless,careless,famous,dangerous,wooden,golden,western,eastern,northern,southern,Asian,American学习内容2/123)以-ly结尾的形容词如:friendly友好的,lonely孤独的,lovely可爱的,likely可能的,lively活泼的,ugly丑陋的,brotherly兄弟般的,fatherly慈父般的,sisterly姐妹般的,orderly有秩序的2、用法和位置1)作定语:形容词修饰名词时置于名词之前;修饰不定代词时,置于不定代词之后。如:Whatbeautifulflowers!Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.【小试牛刀】1.Whata(sun)dayitistoday!Let’sgotothepark.答案:sunny2.IntheWest,peopleliketofinishamealwith,forinstance,dessert.A.sweetanythingB.sweetsomethingC.anythingsweetD.somethingsweet答案:D2)作表语:在be动词、感官动词taste(尝起来),smell(闻起来),sound(听起来),look(看起来),feel(感到)以及get,turn等系动词后用形容词作表语。如:Heisyoung.Shelookshappytoday.Thefoodtastesdelicious.【小试牛刀】Isthisaphotoofyourdaughter?Shelooksinthepinkdress!A.lovelyB.quietlyC.politelyD.happily答案:A3)作宾语补足语:放在宾语之后,常与make,leave,keep,find等动词连用。如:Youshouldkeepyourroomcleaneveryday.Don’tleavethedooropenwhenyougoout.【小试牛刀】Wewillhaveafieldtripthisafternoon.Thenewsmakeseveryone.A.excitedB.frightenedC.happilyD.luckily答案:A4)形容词名词化:有些形容词前加定冠词后变成名词。如:Theyoungshouldtakegoodcareoftheold.年轻人应该好好照顾老人。Thenewalwaysreplacestheold.新事物总是取代旧事物。注意:它们是形容词而不是副词3/123、多个形容词排序①限定词(冠词,指示代词,物主代词,所有格,数词)+②描绘性形容词(如:beautiful,fine,interesting)+③大小,长短,高低等形容词(如:tall,high,small,little,round)+④年龄,新旧(如young,old,new)+⑤颜色(如black,white,blue)+⑥国籍,地区,出处(如Japanese,American,England,rural)+⑦材料(如plastic,silky,wooden)4、高频考点1)形容词修饰复合不定代词后置:---Mum,Billiscomingtodinnerthisevening.---OK,Let’sgivehim______toeat.A.somethingdifferentB.differentanythingC.anythingdifferentD.differentsomething答案:A2)形容词放在系动词后作表语,尤其是5个感官系动词:1.---Johnlooksso_______todaybecauseshegotan“A”inhermathstest.A.happyB.happilyC.angryD.angrily2.Don’teatthefood.Itsmells_______.A.badlyB.badC.goodD.well3.Thepearstaste______andsell______.记住下列词汇:theold(ortheaged)老人theyoung年轻人thesick病人thehealthy健康人theblind盲人thedeaf聋子thewhite白人theblack黑人thedead死者thebrave勇敢的人thewounded伤员thefalse谬误theevil邪恶theunexpected出乎意料的事theunknown未知之事theimpossible不可能的事thesmooth顺事thegood优点thebad缺点口诀一:冠代数形大,新色国材名口诀二:好美小高状其新,彩色国料特别亲口诀三:限制描述大长高,形状年龄与新老,颜色国籍出材料,用途类别往后靠口诀四:大小形状和新老,颜色国籍出(处)材料感官系动词:look看起来sound听起来taste尝起来+形容词feel摸起来smell闻起来4/12A.well,goodB.well,wellC.good,wellD.good,good答案:ABC3)形容词作keep,make,leave的宾语补足语:【小试牛刀】1.Tom,youmustkeepyourroom_______.A.totidyB.tidyingC.tidy2.Weshouldkeepoureyes________whiledoingeyeexercise.A.closeB.closedC.openD.opened答案:CC4)-ed形容词(修饰人:人对某种事物的感受)和-ing形容词(修饰物:某物令人......):【小试牛刀】1.Oct15thwasoneof________daysin2003.TheShenzhou-Vwassentupsuccessfully.A.excitingB.moreexcitingC.themostexcitingD.muchexciting2.HarryPotterisan_______bookforchildren,butmycousindoesn’tseematall______init.A.interesting,interestingB.interesting,interestedC.interested,interesting答案:BC四、形容词副词的等级1、比较级和最高级的构成1)规则变化类别构成方法原级比较级最高级单音节词和少数双音节词一般直接在词尾加-er,-estlonglongerlongest以e结尾时加-r,-stlatelaterlatest以辅音字母加y结尾时,把y变i,再加-er,-esteasyhappyeasierhappiereasiesthappiest以重读闭音节结尾且末bigbiggerbiggestsurprising/surprisedexciting/excitedamazing/amazedboring/boreddisappointing/disappointedfrightening/frightenedinteresting/interested;moving/moved;frustrating/frustrated…5/122)不规则变化2、原级用法1)有表示绝对概念的副词very,too,so,enough,quite等修饰时,用其原级。如:Theboyistooyoung.Heplaysthepianoverywell.2)表示A与B在某一方面程度相同或不同时用形容词或副词的原级。肯定句中的结构:“A…+as+形容词/副词原级+as+B”。如:EnglishisasinterestingasChinese.HerunsasfastasJim.否定句中的结构:“A…+notas/so+形容词/副词原级+as+B”。如:LessonOneisn’tas(so)difficultasLessonTwo.否定句的结构相当于less+形容词/副词原级+than。如:LessonOneislessdifficultthanLessonTwo.尾只有一个辅音字母时,双写词尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-esthotthinfathotterthinnerfatterhottestthinnestfattest多音节词和部分双音节词在原级前加more,mostcarefulmorecarefulmostcarefulbeautifulmorebeautifulmostbeautiful原级比较级最高级good/wellbetterbestmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastbad/badly/illworseworstoldolder(年纪较大的)elder(较年长的)oldest(年纪最大的)eldest(最年长的)farfarther(较远)further(进一步)farthest(最远)furthest(最大限度)不规则变化口诀:一分为二有两个,一个远来一个老,合二为一有三对,两坏两多和两好,还有一词双含义,只译少来不译小。①further用来修饰抽象名词,表示“进一步的”。如:Hewillneedfurtherhelp.②elder/eldest只适用于人,表示兄弟姐妹间的长幼(排行)。elder不与than连用。如:Heismyelder/youngerbrother.(哥哥/弟弟)6/123)表示A是B的…….倍时,A…..+倍数+as+形容词原级+as+BOurschoolisthreetimes/twiceasbigastheirs.Theredpencilishalfaslongasthebluepencil.3、比较级用法1)表示两者进行比较时用形容词或副词的比较级,其结构为“A…+比较级+than+B”。如:Iamtallerthanyou.Hedidbetterthanme.注意:在比较时,要注意比较的对象要一致。Mypencilislongerthanyours.(不用you)2)有表示程度的副词alittle,abit,alot,much,even,far等修饰时,用形容词/副词的比较级。如:It’smuchwarmertoday.Thisbott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