高考英语最优语法1.动词的时态和语态第二部分知考点明考向时态是语法填空的必考内容,最常考的是一般过去时或者主语是第三人称单数的一般现在时,以及进行时和一般将来时;语态也是要考查的内容。另外,在短文改错中,时态、语态也是必考内容。在写作中,时态的选择至关重要,如若在写作中适当地运用被动语态,可使句式更加多样化,有时甚至更加自然生动。要点一一般时1.一般现在时(1)表示习惯性、经常性的动作。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always,everytime,nowandthen,occasionally,often,seldom,sometimes,usually等连用。1.时态类别(2)在以when,till/until,assoonas,bythetime,after,before等引导的时间状语从句以及if,unless,once等引导的条件状语从句和以nomatter,however,evenif等词引导的让步状语从句中,如果主句中的动词用一般将来时,从句中的动词通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。Ifitdoesn'train,we'llgoonapicnicasplanned.“Lifeislikewalkinginthesnow”,Grannyusedtosay,“becauseeverystepshows”.2.一般过去时表示在过去某时某刻发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday,lastyear,lastnight,theotherday,justnow,then,twodaysago,in1999,atthattime等。—Longtimenosee!Haven'tyougraduatedfromcollege?—Yes.IstudiedEnglishforfouryearsinNanjing.(2015·高考湖南卷)Iwasn'tabletohidemyeagernesswhenIasked,“Whatdoyouwishmetodonow?”我不能隐藏我的渴望,当我问道:“你现在希望我做些什么?”3.一般将来时(1)will/shall+动词原形—Whattimeisit?—Ihavenoidea.Butjustaminute,Iwillcheckitforyou.——几点了?——不知道,稍等,我给你查查。(2)begoingto+动词原形①表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事。②表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象,认为某事即将发生。Lookatthecloud.It'sgoingtorain.(3)beaboutto+动词原形表示打算或根据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示具体的时间状语连用,但可以与when引导的时间状语从句连用。TheEnglisheveningisabouttostart.(4)beto+动词原形表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务将要发生的动作,这种动作通常是人的意志所能控制的,或用于征求意见。Youaretohandinyourpapersby10o'clock.用所给单词的适当形式填空1.—Haven'tseenyouforages!Wherehaveyoubeen?—IwenttoNingxiaand________________(stay)thereforoneyear,teachingasavolunteer.2.Nearlyfiveyearsago,andwiththehelpofourfather,mysisterandI____________(plant)somecherrytomatoes(圣女果)inourbackgarden.stayedplanted3.Mydreamschool____________(start)at8:30a.m.and____________(end)at3:30p.m.4.You’dbetterwritedownherphonenumberbeforeyou____________(forget)it.5.“Whatdoyouwanttobe?”askedMrs.Crawford.“Oh,I________(be)president,”saidtheboy,withasmile.6.IwasabouttoturnoffmycomputerwhenI___________(receive)anemailfromGarth.receivedwillbestartsendsforget要点二进行时1.现在进行时(1)表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作。(2)现在进行时还可表示按计划或安排将要进行的动作,这类动词主要有:go,come,leave,stay,start,arrive,land,meet,move,return,stay,stop,do等。AforeignguestisgivingalectureinEnglishthisafternoon.“Themomentiscomingsoon,”hethoughttohimself,waitingnervously.2.过去进行时(1)表示过去正在进行的动作。HemusthavesensedthatIwaslookingathim.Hesuddenlyglancedatmeandsaidquietly,“Whyareyoustaringatmelikethat?”他肯定已经感觉到我当时正在看他,他突然扫视了我一眼然后平静地说:“为何一直像那样看着他?”(2)表示运动和位置移动的动词可以用过去进行时表示过去将来时。这类动词主要有leave,start,arrive,go,come等。JoantoldusshewasleavingforWuhannextSaturday.3.将来进行时由“shall/willbe+现在分词”构成表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作ThistimetomorrowIshallbeflyingtoSpain.用所给单词的适当形式填空1.—Hi,let'sgoskating.—Sorry,I'mbusyrightnow.I____________(fill)inanapplicationformforanewjob.2.Jameshasjustarrived,butIdidn'tknowhe____________(come)untilyesterday.3.I'll____________(visit)ProfessorLiat2:00thisafternoon.bevisitingamfillingwascoming4.—CanIcallyoubackattwoo’clockthisafternoon?—I’msorry,butbythenI____________(fly)toBeijing.Howaboutfive?5.Themansaidthattheplane____________(travel)fromeasttowestwhenhesawit.6.Weneedtohurry,forthetrain____________(leave)intenminutes.willbeflyingwastravellingisleaving要点三完成时1.现在完成时(1)表示过去发生或已完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去开始一直持续至今的动作或状态。现在完成时常与uptonow,sofar,already,yet,now,recently,inthepastfewyears,just等表示时间的词连用。Thisdiseasehasdroppedconsiderablyinthepastfewyears.(2)用于时间、条件状语从句中,表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作。HewillbebackbeforeIhavefinishedmywork.(3)在“It(This)is(willbe)thefirst/second/third...time+that从句”中,that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。Thisisthefirsttimethatwehavefacedsuchaproblem.这是我们第一次面对这样的问题。(4)在“It(This)isthebest(worst,mostinteresting等)+名词+从句”中,从句中的谓语用现在完成时。ThisisthemostinterestingbookI'veeverread.这是我所读过的最有趣的一本书。2.过去完成时(1)在“hardly(scarcely)...when...,nosooner...than...”句型结构中,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时,意为“一……就……”。Hardlyhadthespeakerfinishedhisspeechwhentheaudiencekeptaskinghimquestions.(2)在“Itwasthefirst(second,etc.)time+that从句”句型中,从句谓语动词用过去完成时。3.将来完成时主要表示某一动作到将来某个时间完成,上下文情景中常含有by短语,如bysixo'clock,bytheweekend,bytheendof,nextmonth等。Weshallhavefinishedtheprojectbytheendofthisyear.用所给单词的适当形式填空1.—HowmuchdoyouknowabouttheYouthOlympicGamestobeheldinNanjing?—Well,themedia________________(cover)itinavarietyofforms.2.Writingoutalltheinvitationsbyhandwasmoretimeconsumingthanwe________________(expect).havecoveredhadexpected3.Bytheendofthismonth,we________________(study)10units.4.Thereportswentmissingin2012andnobody________________(see)themsince.5.ThisisthemostinstructivelecturethatI____________(attend)sinceIcametothisschool.6.Hardly____________IgottoBeijingwhenitbegantosnow.hadwillhavestudiedhasseenhaveattended要点四完成进行时1.现在完成进行时现在完成进行时由“have/has+been+v.ing形式”构成,表示过去的动作持续到现在并有可能延续下去,常和for,since引导的时间状语连用。Theyhavebeenlivingherefor10years.—Tony,whyareyoureyesred?—Ihavebeencuttinguppeppersforthelastfiveminutes.Thegirlhasagreatinterestinsportandhasbeentakingbadmintonclassestwiceaweekoverthelastthreeyears.2.过去完成进行时过去完成进行时主要表示过去某一时间以前一直在进行的动作。过去完成进行时由“had+been+v.ing”构成。表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去某一时间。这一动作可能已经停止也可能还在进行。ShetoldmethatshehadbeenstudyingFrenchfor5years.(动作仍继续)Shetoldmethatshehadbeenwaitingformeforanhour.(动作不再继续)用所给单词的适当形式填空1.Sincethetimehumankindstartedgarde