5-科学实验实施：研究中的共性问题

卢宝荣复旦大学生命科学学院科学研究方法与论文写作ScientificMethodology&ScientificPaperWriting复旦大学卢宝荣5.科学实验实施：研究中的共性问题发明是百分之一的灵感加上百分之九十九的血汗。无论何时，不管怎样，我也绝不允许自己有一点灰心丧气。——T.A.爱迪生复旦大学卢宝荣以假设为驱动的科学研究方法-结论-发现-理论科学问题科学假设假设验证(实验设计&实施)分析复旦大学卢宝荣科学实验（研究）的实施Afterresearchplanisreadied&confirmedbyparticipatingpartiesTheimplementationofresearchplanbecomesessentialResearchcontents&activitiesneedtobedivided&agreedbyeachpartyUsually,itisnecessarytoholdaworkshopormeetingtodeterminethe“roleofgame”复旦大学卢宝荣科学实验（研究）的实施Researchplanwilloftenbeimplementedatdifferentvenues&undervarioussituationsResearchcanbeconductedinalaboratoryorfieldorcommunityTherewillbeverydifferentpracticesinvariouslocations复旦大学卢宝荣理想研究实施的流程首先，选好研究的主题然后阅读该主题的相关文献形成假设并设计实验进行实验、收集和分析数据的同时，进行论文各部分的写作待实验结果收集完成，论文的框架也完成这样便完成了该项科学研究的全部内容复旦大学卢宝荣复旦大学卢宝荣科学研究中的一些共性问题测量的原则测量的单位及其使用基本的野外实验步骤采样及采样方法试验方法及其试验设计实验过程中的实验记录复旦大学卢宝荣1.测量的原则Variable:anycharacteristicorpropertythatcanbemeasuredordescribedQuantitativevariables－canbedescribedbymeansofnumbersRankedvariables－canbelistedinorderofmagnitudeQualitativevariables－canbedescribedascategory复旦大学卢宝荣VariablesContinu.Heightofchildreninafamily(1.3m,0.653)QualitativeRankedQuantitativeDiscont.Numberofchildreninafamily(3,0,2)Orderbirthofchildreninafamily(1,2,3)sexofchildreninafamily(m,f)复旦大学卢宝荣MeasurementofscaleNominalscale:onlyscalesuitableforqualitativedataOrdinalscale:classifybyrankwithalogicalorderinmanynumberscaleIntervalscale:forquantitativevariablesRatioscale:similartointervalscale,but0pointrepresentsanabsence复旦大学卢宝荣2.测量的单位及其使用Ameasurementincludesbothanumber&aunitNumber:expressestheratioofthemeasuredpropertyUnit:identifiesthestandardmeasureordimension复旦大学卢宝荣TheSystemInternationalUnitMeasuredNumberofSymbolQuantitySIunitBaseunitsLengthmetermMasskilogramkgAmountofsequencemolemolTimesecondsElectricCampereATemp.KelvinkLuminousint.candelacdSuppl.UnitsPlaneangleradianradSolidanglesteradiansr复旦大学卢宝荣3.基本的野外实验步骤Aimoffieldwork:SurveyingnaturalhabitatsExploringcommunitiesoforganismsMeasuringenvironmentalvariablesCollectingexperimentalsamplesorspecimensDevelopingskillsindatahandling,analysis,interpretation复旦大学卢宝荣PlanningafieldtripFieldstudiesareoftentime-restrictedAssesstoequipment&facilitiesmaybelimitedManyunexpectedthingsmayhappenduringthetripWell-plannedfieldtripswillbesuccessful&safe复旦大学卢宝荣AlistforfieldexpeditionClarifytheobjectivesofthefieldtripCarryouttherelatedbackgroundreadingPreparefortheweather&terrainMakearoad(route)mapforthetripMakeacheck-listfortheneededequipment&tools&personalthingsContactneededpersonalfornecessaryinformation&helpKeepupwiththefieldleader&teamAnticipatepossiblehazard&solutionActresponsiblyatalltime复旦大学卢宝荣4.采样及采样方法WhenconductbiodiversityconservationorresearchItisimpossibletoconserveallindividualsinapopulationOrunlikelytomeasureeveryindividualinapopulationItispossibletousea“sub-set”(sample)toestimaterelevantparametersofapopulation复旦大学卢宝荣Samples&samplingToselectthe“sub-set”ofapopulationiscalledsamplingSamplesizeisimportantinestimateofpopulationparametersLargesamplesizesallowinggreaterstatisticalconfidence,butwithalargeamountofworkOptimumsamplesizesisabalancebetweenstatistical&practicalconsideration复旦大学卢宝荣GeneralconsiderationsforsamplingapopulationGeographicallocationTypeofhabitatDate&timeofsamplingAge,sex,physiological&healthofsampledindividualsOtherdetailsrelevanttotheresearchwork复旦大学卢宝荣SamplingstrategiesAsamplecollectingprocedurethatallowstoobtainreliable&usefulinformationorgermplasmfromaparticularpopulationwithefficientuseofresources复旦大学卢宝荣SamplingstrategiesGoodsamplingstrategiesshouldrelatedtotheobjective(s)SamplestrulyrepresentsapopulationGoodsamplesshouldbe:Takenatrandom:everymemberinapopulationhasequalchancebeingselectedSamplesize:largeenoughforstatisticalconfidenceSamplingprocedure:unbiased复旦大学卢宝荣AspectstoconsiderinsamplingPositionofsamplesSize&shapeofthesamplingareaNumberofsamplesineachpopulationDistribution(structure)ofsamplesinpopulations:Even(homogenous)Patchy(clusters)Gradient(progressiveincreasingordecreasing)Stratify(homogenouswithinsub-areas)复旦大学卢宝荣复旦大学卢宝荣DecisionofsamplingstrategiesBy:PilotstudiesPublishedresearchAnalogywithothersystem复旦大学卢宝荣LocatingcollectedsamplesSimplerandomsamplingSystematicsamplingStratifiedrandomsampling复旦大学卢宝荣复旦大学卢宝荣ThedimensionsofthesamplingareaPointsamplingQuadratesamplingTransactionsampling复旦大学卢宝荣AflowchartoutlinethedecisionrequiredforfieldsamplingDefineobjectivesDefinepopulationcharactersPilotstudytoobtaininformationonhabitatordistributionofsamplesDeterminemethodsofsamplingbasedonnatureofhabitat/distributionSelectappropriatesampleareaDetermineno.&modeofsamplinginapopulation复旦大学卢宝荣5.试验方法及其试验设计TheaimofexperimentsistotesthypothesesExperimentsinvolvecomparisonsoftheresultoftreatments(changes)Designedbyexperimentersundercontrolledconditions复旦大学卢宝荣TermsusedinexperimentExperimentTreatmentsReplicatesBlocksPlotsVariables复旦大学卢宝荣Field(wholearea)Blocks(subdividedfield)Replicateswithinablock(=plots)AACBABBCC复旦大学卢宝荣Designing