unit-3-Groundless-Beliefs

Unit3GroundlessBeliefsContentsWarm-upTextAnalysisWritingDevicesHomeworkIWarm-upCommentonthefollowingquotations:1.Everyoneisaprisonerofhisownexperiences.2.Duringtimesofuniversaldeceit,tellingthetruthbecomesarevolutionaryact.3.Doubtisnotapleasantmentalstatebutcertaintyisaridiculousone.II.TextAnalysisThemeofthestoryThearticleismeanttoserveasasuggestiveexampleofacurious,inquiringmindatwork.Itencouragesustofindouthowwecamebyourbeliefsandmanagetobeboldenoughtotestourbeliefs.Para.11.Infuturewearegoingtofollowthepractice—untilitbecomesahabit—ofclassifyingpropositionsaccordingtotheirgrounds.(Para.1)takethispracticeasaguideabaseforanargumentClassifyingpropositionsaccordingtotheirgroundsisimportantbecausepeopleveryoftenbasetheirjudgmentofpropositionsaccordingtotheirpopularity,usefulness,sourceofauthorityaswellastotheirpersonaltaste.Theydonotalwaysacceptbeliefsbecausetheyaretrue.Oftentheyacceptthembecausetheirbeliefsservetheirimmediatepurpose,orbecausetheysoundnice,orbecauseitiseasierorsafertoacceptthem.2.ofeverystatementwecomeacross.comeacross:(alsocomeover)(a)beunderstoodorcommunicated被理解;被传达(b)makeanimpressionofthespecifiedtype使人产生某种印象他讲了很长时间,但他的意思没有人真正理解.Hespokeforalongtimebuthismeaningdidnotreallycomeacross.Shecomesacrosswell/badlyininterviews.Hecameacrossassympathetic/asympatheticperson.3.Onwhatgroundisthatstatementbased?onthegroundof:=onthegroundthatJanewaslateonthegroundoftheheavytraffic.Tomleftonthegroundthathewasill.comeacrosssb/sth.:meetorfindsb/sthbychance偶然遇见或发现某人[某事物];碰IcameacrossanoldschoolfriendinOxfordStreetthismorning.Shecameacrosssomeoldphotographsinadrawer.4.Theyrestuponmeretradition,oronsb.’sbareassertionunsupportedbyevenashadowofproof…(Para.1)Meaning:Theyareonlybasedontradition,oronsomebody’sassertion,butarenotsupportedevenbytheleastamountofproof.strongstatementswithoutthesupportofprooftheslightesttraceoftobebasedonrestupon/on:dependorrelyonsb/sth依靠或依赖某人[某事物](ofalook,etc)bedirectedsteadilyatsb/sth（指目光等）停留在某人/某物上BritishhopesofamedalrestedonOvett.Hisgaze/eyesrestedonherface.ashadowof:aslighttraceofsth.某事物的痕迹Thereisnotashadowofjustificationforyourbehavior.notashadowofdoubtTonight,sheknewwithoutanyshadowofdoubtthathewaslyingtoher.1.Manyofstrongestconvictionswereestablishedthen.(Para.2)Meaning:Theyarestrongbecausetheyhavebeeninourmindforsuchalongtime.Theyarestrongbecausetheywereimprintedonourmindwhenwewerelittlechildren,beforewewereabletojudgeforourselves.Theyarestrongbecausetheywerepassedontousduringourmostformativeyearsandoftenbypeoplewetrustedandloved.firmbelieforopinionPara21.ButifthestaunchestRomanCatholicandthestaunchestPresbyterianhadbeenexchangedwheninfants,andiftheyhadbeenbroughtupwithhomeandallotherinfluencesreserved,wecanhavelittledoubtwhattheresultwouldhavebeen.(Para.3)Meaning:Butiftheywereexchangedwhentheywereinfantsandbroughtupindifferenthomesandunderdifferentinfluences,thenthestaunchestRomanCatholicwouldbethestaunchestPresbyterian,andviceversa.Thisshowsthatourbeliefsarelargelyinfluencedbyoursurroundings.byexchangingallkindsofinfluencethey’vegotfromhomeorothersourcesPara32.Itisconsistentwithallourknowledgeofpsychologytoconcludethateachwouldhavegrownupholdingexactlytheoppositebeliefstothoseheholdsnow…(Para.3)Meaning:Wecanconclude,basedonallourknowledgeofpsychology,thateachwouldhavegrownuphavingexactlytheoppositebeliefstowhattheyhavenow.beconsistentwith:inagreement一致;相符你现在说的话与你上星期说过的话不相符.Whatyousaynowisnotconsistentwithwhatyousaidlastweek.Ileftasearlyaswasconsistentwithpoliteness.我在不失礼的情况下,提前离去了.3.Thesamethingistrue,ofcourse,ofmanybeliefsotherthanthoseofareligiousnature.Otherthan:(fml文)different(people,things,etc)from...除了…不同于…Youwillhavetimetovisitotherplacesthanthoseontheitinerary.你能有时间参观计画行程之外的一些地方.除了萨莉,别的女子就都什麽也不说了.OtherwomenthanSallywouldhavesaidnothing.4.Ifwehadgrownupinacommunitywherepolygamyorhead-hunting,orinfanticide,orgladiatorialfighting,ordueling,wasregardedasthenormalandnaturalthing—thenweshouldhavegrownuptoregarditas“obviously”naturalandperfectlymoralandproper.(Para.3)Polygamyreferstotheconditionsofamanhavingmorethanonewifeorawomanhavingmorethanonehusbandatthesametime.Itspracticeexistedinmanyculturesinancienttimesandinfactstilldoesinsomeculturestodayalthoughmostlyamongwealthypeople.Howevernowitisconsideredbarbarousinmanycountriesandisprohibitedbythelaw.(一夫多妻/一妻多夫)Head-huntingreferstothepracticeofobtainingandpreservingtheheadsofone’senemies.Believedbysomethatthepowerofpersonswhoseheadsweretakenwasaddedtothatalreadypossessedbythesuccessfulwarrior.Oncewidelypracticed,itisnowrare.(割取敌首)Gladiatorialfighting:GladiatorswerepeoplewhoseprofessionwastofightforthepublicamusementinancientRomantimes.Drawnfromslaves,andcriminals,theywerecarefullytrainedandkepttogetherinschools.Gladiatorialfightingdidnotstopuntilthe5thcentury.(角斗士格斗)1.Ofcoursewedonotcease…toadoptnewbeliefsonmeresuggestions…totakeonlythemoststrikingexamples,theenormousinfluenceofnewspapersandtheeffectivenessofskilfuladvertising.(Para.4)Meaning:Ofcourseitdoesnotmeanthatwhenwegrowupwenolong