动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,它没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能独立作谓语,但它仍保持动词的特点,既可以有自己的宾语和状语。用法动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。因此在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。定义基本形式一般形式todonottodotobedone一般式表示的动作或状态,发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后否定形式被动形式完成形式完成式表示动作或状态,发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态之前tohavedone进行式表示的动作或状态,与谓语动词表示的动作或状态同时发生tobedoing进行形式1、不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。e.g:Tofinishthebuildinginamonthisdifficultwork.Todosuchthingsisfoolish.注:1不定式作主语时,谓语用单数2、当主语较长,谓语较短时,常用it做形式主语,而将不定式放到谓语的后面。一、不定式做主语:it做形式主语,不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中:(1)Itis/was+adj.+ofsb.todo…注意:在此句型中,adj.只能用可以修饰人物的形容词。例如:kindnicegoodbravecleverwisestupidfoolishhonestcarelesscruelgenerouseg:Itisbraveofhimtosavethegirlinthewater.Itwascarelessofhertomakesuchamistake.(2)Itis+adj.+forsb.+todo…注意:这里的adj.不能表示人的性质,只能表示某事或某物的性质。例如:difficult,wonderful,meaningful,painful,usefulEg:ItisnotdifficultforustolearnEnglishwell.Itisrightforhimtoworkhere.(3)itis+a+名词+todoEg:Whatfunitistojumpintoalakeinsummer!Howlongdidittakeyoutofinishthework?例如:pleasurepitydutyshamecrime等注:在感叹句和疑问句中只能用it作形式主语Eg:Itisadutytoplanttreeseveryday.不定式作表语常表示将来的动作一、不定式做表语:eg:Myideaistoclimbthemountainfromthenorth.Yourmistakewasnottowritethatletter.WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.1.主语是以aimdutyhopeideaintentionmistakeplanproposaljobsuggestionwishpurposetask等为中心词的名词词组或以what引导的名词性从句表示,后面的不定式说明其内容2主语和表语都是不定式(其含义往往一是条件,一是结果)Eg:Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.Todothatwouldbetocutthefoottofittheshoe.3不定式常用在系动词be,seem,appear,get,remainbecome,look,sound,taste,smell,feel,等后作表语.Allyouhavetodois(to)pressthebutton.TheonlythingIcandois(to)giveyouasmuchhelpasIcan.Eg:Theplanseemstohavebeenchanged.4在某些句型中,当主语部分有动作动词do时,作表语的不定式可以省略符号“to”,例如:三动词不定式作宾语常用动词有:likewishhopewanttrybeginstartmeanagreerefusepromisepretendaskchoosedecideforgethopelearnwantwouldlikeintenddemandexpectfailofferhelphateattemptdeterminetrymanagerememberprepareplan等Eg:Wehopetogettherebeforedark.Thegirldecidedtodoitherself.1、“动词+带to的不定式结构”2不定式即可作动词的宾语也可作介词的宾语.不定式作介词的宾语时,介词之后一般不直接接不定式,一般都是:疑问词+不定式作宾语.Eg:I’mworryingaboutwhattodonext.Marxgavesomeadviceonhowtolearnaforeignlanguage.动词+疑问词+不定式这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句疑问词(也称连接代/副词)有:whatwherewho(m)whenhowwhether•这类动词常见的有:telladviseshowteachfindoutdecidediscusslearnforgetinquireknowexplainrememberseeunderstandwonder等。Eg:Idon’tknowwhattodo/wheretogo/who(m)toask/whentostop/howtogetthere.Ihaven’tdecidedwhethertosellitornot.Wemustfindoutwhattodonext/wheretoputit.eg:Ifinditdifficulttounderstandhim.Wethoughtitwrongnottohelpher.Theyfounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.注2:不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语,只有在个别场合,即在含有否定意义的带有介词except或but(=except)的结构中才能这样用.注1:如果作宾语的不定式结构后面还有自己的补语,则应使用先行it,把不定式后置Eg:Heseldomcomesexcepttolookatmypictures.注意不定式符号的省略问题!donothingbut/except后的不定式不带to.需要注意的是,此句型中but/except前必须要有实义动词do时,but/except后的不定式to才能省略,否则to则不省.我们用一句话概括就是:有do无to,有to无do.Eg:Shehasnochoicebuttowaitforthenews.Hecoulddonothingbutwait.Hewilldoanythingforyouexceptlendyoumoney..注3有些动词既可跟不定式作宾语,也可跟动名词作宾语,但含义不同记住要做某事;记得曾经做过某事忘记要做某事忘记曾经做过某事停下来去做某事停止做某事继续做另一件事继续做原来在做的事remembertodorememberdoingforgettodoforgetdoingstoptodostopdoinggoontodogoondoingEg:Irememberseeingyousomewherebefore.Pleaseremembertoturnoffthelightwhenyouleave.离开时请记得关好灯。我记得以前在哪儿见过你。Eg:Wemustn’tletthis(to)happenagain.Hisfatherputhimtomindthesheep.四不定式结构作宾语补足语1、只能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动词①表示“希望”“愿望”等心理状态的动词,如:wish,desire,expect,love,prefer,encourage,trust等。Eg:Whatdoyoudesiremetodo?Thedirectorpreferredhertoacttheoldlady.②含有“让”“允许”“促使”“致使”等祈使意义的动词,如:let,allow,permit,decide,mean,lead,bring,put,hurry,cause,等。Eg:Hebeggedmenottotellhisfatheraboutit.ShewasalwaysworryingherfathertotakehertoParis.③带有“请求”“恳求”等感情色彩的动词,如:ask,desire,invite,beg,request,worry等。④含有“建议”“劝告”等意义的动词,如:advise,persuade,callon,urge等。Eg:Heurgedustoacceptthecompromise.Thedentistadvisedmetohavethebadtoothpulledout.⑤含有“命令”“强迫”“禁止”等意义的动词,如:order,command,require,charge,tell,make,oblige,force,drive,forbid,warn等。Eg:Herequiredustokeepitasecret.Thedoctororderedhimtostayinbedforafewdays.Iwarnyounottodothatagain.⑥其他还有:help,teach,show,assist,report,bear,waitfor,train,dependon等。Eg:Hepromisedtoteachmetoswim.Weshouldtrainthemtomakeuseofreferencebooks.Wearewaitingforthetraintostop.Eg:Didyouseeanyoneenterthehouse?Don’timagineyourselftobealwayscorrect.Wefindhimtobedishonest.2、既能用不定式结构又能用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词:△see,watch,notice,lookat,hear,listento,observe,feel,have;△imagine,find,discover,like,want,understand,hate,bring,get,leave,set注①:有些动词用不定式与用现在分词作宾语补足语,所表达的意义是有差别的。不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成(即全过程)现在分词表示动作正在进行,即:谓语动词所表示的动作发生时,现在分词所表示的动作正在进行Eg:Didyouseeanyoneenterthehouse?Hesawhisfathertalkingwithhisteacher.Ionceheardhimsingthissong.SheheardMr.Whitesinginginthenextroom.“看”:see,lookat,observe,watch,notice“听”:hear,listento“感觉”:feel使役动词:have,make,let不定式在下列动词后作宾语补足语时,要省略to但当以上的动词用于被动式,to要还原:Theysawtheboyfallsuddenlyfromthetree.Theboywasseentofallsuddenlyfromthetree.注②:使用不定式作宾语补足语时,在有些动词后面,不定式符号to应当省略Eg:Iwon’thavehimcheatme.Ihavealotofworktodo.Hisstorymadeuslaugh.Fathermadeakiteforhissontofly.have表示“有”,make表示“制造”,“做”等意义,且后面的不定式作目的状语,定语等时,不定式符号to不能省.需要注意have,make的用法:have,make表“让,使,允许”等意,其后的不定式作宾补时,才可省to.用作一般实义动词用做使役动词“允许”“有”“使”“做”△feel在使用todo型不定式作