10REASONSWHYwedon’tneedGMfoods拒绝转基因食品的十个理由来源:banGMfood.org翻译:雅慧嘉林Withthecostoffoodskyrocketing–hittingnotjustshoppersbutthepoorandhungryinthedevelopingworld–geneticallymodified(GM)foodsareonceagainbeingpromotedasthewaytofeedtheworld.Butthisislittleshortofaconfidencetrick.FarfromneedingmoreGMfoods,thereareurgentreasonswhyweneedtobanthemaltogether.随着食品价格飞涨,不仅消费者还包括发展中国家贫穷而饥饿的人们都受此打击。转基因食品以其提供食物的方式而再被推崇。然而这并不是保险的策略,相反,我们应当联合抵制转基因食品而不是加大对其的需求量。紧要原因如下:1.GMfoodswon’tsolvethefoodcrisis1.转基因食品不会解决食品危机A2008WorldBankreportconcludedthatincreasedbiofuelproductionisthemajorcauseoftheincreaseinfoodprices.[1]GMgiantMonsantohasbeenattheheartofthelobbyingforbiofuels(cropsgrownforfuelratherthanfood)—whileprofitingenormouslyfromtheresultingfoodcrisisandusingitasaPRopportunitytopromoteGMfoods!2008年世界银行报告总结出食品价格上涨的主要原因是生物燃料生产的增加[1]。转基因巨头孟山都曾经是生物燃料(农作物主要用作燃料而非食物)游说的核心——与此同时,孟山都从由此导致的粮食危机中获得巨额利润并以此作为推销其转基因食品的机会。“Theclimatecrisiswasusedtoboostbiofuels,helpingtocreatethefoodcrisis;andnowthefoodcrisisisbeingusedtorevivethefortunesoftheGMindustry.”—DanielHowden,AfricacorrespondentofTheIndependent[2]气候危机曾被用来推动生物燃料的生产,进而产生粮食危机;如今粮食危机又被用来促进转基因行业的复苏——DanielHowden,英国独立报非洲通讯员[2]“Thecynicinmethinksthatthey’rejustusingthecurrentfoodcrisisandthefuelcrisisasaspringboardtopushGMcropsbackontothepublicagenda.Iunderstandwhythey’redoingit,butthedangeristhatifthey’remakingtheseclaimsaboutGMcropssolvingtheproblemofdroughtorfeedingtheworld,that’sbullshit.”–ProfDenisMurphy,headofbiotechnologyattheUniversityofGlamorganinWales[3]“我愤世嫉俗的一面让我觉得他们只是利用当前的粮食危机和燃料危机作为跳板,推动转基因作物重回公共议程。我知道他们为什么这样做,但问题是他们声称转基因作物能解决干旱问题和粮食危机,这是胡说。”——DenisMurphy威尔士格拉摩根大学生物科技教授[3]2.GMcropsdonotincreaseyieldpotential2.转基因食品不会增加土地潜在生产力Despitethepromises,GMhasnotincreasedtheyieldpotentialofanycommercialisedcrops.[4]Infact,studiesshowthatthemostwidelygrownGMcrop,GMsoya,hassufferedreducedyields.[5]AreportthatanalyzednearlytwodecadesworthofpeerreviewedresearchontheyieldoftheprimaryGMfood/feedcrops,soybeansandcorn(maize),revealsthatdespite20yearsofresearchand13yearsofcommercialization,geneticengineeringhasfailedtosignificantlyincreaseUScropyields.Theauthor,formerUSEPAandUSFDAbiotechspecialistDrGurian-Sherman,concludesthatwhenitcomestoyield,“Traditionalbreedingoutperformsgeneticengineeringhandsdown.”[6]与承诺相反,商业转基因作物并未增加任何的潜在产量。[4]事实上调查表明最为广泛种植的转基因作物——转基因大豆反而遭受了产量的减少。[5]有报道分析了近20年的同业评审对主要的转基因作物大豆和转基因玉米产量的调查,调查显示,尽管进行了为期20年的研究和13年的商业推广,基因工程并没有显著增加美国的作物产量。该报道的作者,美国前环境保护局和食品及药物管理局生物科技专家Gurian-Sherman博士总结说:“提到产量,传统的种植方式显然优于基因工程。”[6]“Let’sbeclear.Asofthisyear[2008],therearenocommercializedGMcropsthatinherentlyincreaseyield.Similarly,therearenoGMcropsonthemarketthatwereengineeredtoresistdrought,reducefertilizerpollutionorsavesoil.Notone.”–DrDougGurian-Sherman.[7]“让我们看清问题,如2008年所见,没有商业化的转基因作物增加了产量。同样,市场上也没有转基因作物可以抵抗旱灾、减少化肥污染或保护土地资源。”——DougGurian-Sherman博士。[7]3.GMcropsincreasepesticideuse3.转基因作物增加了杀虫剂的使用USgovernmentdatashowsthatintheUS,GMcropshaveproducedanoverallincrease,notdecrease,inpesticideusecomparedtoconventionalcrops.[8]美国政府数据表明,在美国,与传统作物相比,转基因作物导致了杀虫剂用量的增加而非减少。[8]“Thepromisewasthatyoucoulduselesschemicalsandproduceagreateryield.Butletmetellyounoneofthisistrue.”–BillChristison,PresidentoftheUSNationalFamilyFarmCoalition.[9]“曾经转基因作物的承诺是使用更少的化学药剂生产更多的作物。但是我来告诉你们,这些都不是真的。”——BillChristison,美国国家家庭农场联盟主席。[9]4.Therearebetterwaystofeedtheworld4.有更好的办法喂养这个世界AmajorUN/WorldBank-sponsoredreportcompiledby400scientistsandendorsedby58countriesconcludedthatGMcropshavelittletoofferglobalagricultureandthechallengesofpoverty,hunger,andclimatechange,becausebetteralternativesareavailable.Inparticular,thereportchampioned“agroecological”farmingasthesustainablewayforwardfordevelopingcountries.[10]一份联合国/世界银行经由400位科学家汇编、58个国家支持的报道总结说转基因食品并没有对全球农业和贫穷、饥饿、气候变化挑战作出多少贡献,因为已有替代解决办法。特别地,这篇报道拥挤“生态农业”耕作作为实现各国可持续发展的方法。[10]5.Otherfarmtechnologiesaremoresuccessful5.其它农业技术更成功IntegratedPestManagementandotherinnovativelow-inputororganicmethodsofcontrollingpestsandboostingyieldshaveprovenhighlyeffective,particularlyinthedevelopingworld.[11]Otherplantbreedingtechnologies,suchasMarkerAssistedSelection(non-GMgeneticmapping),arewidelyexpectedtoboostglobalagriculturalproductivitymoreeffectivelyandsafelythanGM.[12][13]综合虫害管理和通过其它创新的低投入或有机方法控制虫害以提高作物产量被证明是高效、显著的,尤其是在发展中国家。[11]其它育种技术——如标记辅助选择技术(非转基因图谱),被看作为比转基因科技跟更安全有效的促进全球农业生产力的提高。[12][13]“Thequietrevolutionishappeningingenemapping,helpingusunderstandcropsbetter.Thatisupandrunningandcouldhaveafargreaterimpactonagriculture[thanGM].”–ProfJohnSnape,headofthedepartmentofcropgenetics,JohnInnesCentre.[14](非)转基因图谱带来了无声的革命,也让我们更了解农作物。这场革命正在发展并且能够给农业带来比转基因工程更深远的影响。——JohnSnape教授,JohnInnes中心作物遗传学部主管。[14]6.GMfoodshavenotbeenshowntobesafetoeat6.转基因食品未被证明可安全食用Geneticmodificationisacrudeandimprecisewayofincorporatingforeigngeneticmaterial(e.g.fromviruses,bacteria)intocrops,withunpredictableconsequences.TheresultingGMfoodshaveundergonelittlerigorousandnolong-termsafetytesting,butanimalfeedingtestshaveshownworryinghealtheffects.[15]OnlyonestudyhasbeenpublishedonthedirecteffectsonhumansofeatingaGMfood.[16]I