情态动词与虚拟语气一、情态动词考点一can和could的用法1.表示惊讶,常用在否定句和疑问句中。Howcouldyoudosuchasillything?你怎么能做那样的蠢事呢?2.表示可能性,意为“可能,有时会”。can和could没有时态的差异,只是could不太肯定。Joggingcanbeharmfultothehealth.慢跑可能会对健康有害Accidentscan/couldhappenonsuchrainydays.这样的多雨天气可能会发生交通事故。(客观的可能性)3.can用于否定句,意为“应该不是,不可能”。Ithinkit'sallright.Shecan'tmakeamistake.我想应该没事,她不可能犯错误。4.cannot...too/enough表示“无论……也不过分”;“越……越好”。Youcan'tbetoocarefulwhiledriving.开车时越小心越好。YoucannotrememberenoughEnglishwords.你记的英语单词越多越好。5.cannotbut+dosth.表示“不得不,只好”。Icouldn'tbutchoosetogo.我只好去。根据句意可知答案为B。考点二may和might的用法may和might表示“许可”,“可能性”,“祝愿”等意义。1.表示许可。MayIcomein?MightIborrowyourcomputer?2.表示可能性。may和might表示可能性时,可以对现在、过去或将来进行推测。Petermaycomewithustonight,butheisn'tsureyet.彼得今晚可能和我们一起来,但他还没确定。(实际可能性,不用can)3.“mayaswell+动词原形”意为“最好,满可以,倒不如”。Youmayaswelldoitatonce.Wemayaswellstaywhereweare.4.may作“可以”讲时,其否定式常用mustn't表示“禁止”;must作“必须”讲时,其否定式是“needn't”,表示“不必”。—MayIuseyourcar?—No,youmustn't.(委婉的拒绝可用:Sorry,butIamusingitnow.或You'dbetternot.等)不,你不可以。考点三must的用法1.表示义务,意为“必须”(主观意志)。Wemustdoeverythingstepbystep.在这种用法中must表示出于主观意识而必须要做某事,haveto表示由于某种客观原因而不得不做某事。除此以外,haveto自身有时态的变化。IhavetogonowforI'vegotameeting15minuteslater.注意:回答以must引导的问句时,若是否定回答,不可以用mustn't而用needn't或是don'thaveto,因为mustn't意思是“绝不能,一定不要”,而没有“不必”的意思。—Mustwehandinourexercisestoday?—Yes,youmust.是的,必须交。(肯定回答)/—No,youneedn't(youdon'thaveto).不,不必今天交。(否定回答)—MustIworkouttheproblemtonight?—No,youneedn't.2.表示猜测、推测。must常用于肯定句中表示猜测。(对现在或未来的事进行猜测时,后接动词原形;对已经发生的事进行猜测时,后接have+过去分词。)Hemustbeill.Helookssopale.Ididn'thearthephone.Imusthavebeenasleep.3.表示禁止(用于否定句)。Smokingmustnotbeallowedintheoffice.4.表示“偏执”,“固执”。Mustyoumakesomuchnoise?Ifyoumustsmoke,pleasegoout.考点四shall的用法1.第一、第三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见和向对方请示。Shallwebeginourclass?Shallthedriverwaitoutside?2.第二、第三人称陈述句中,表说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。Ipromisedheshallgetapresentforhisbirthday.Youshallnotgetmysupportifyoudosuchathing.考点五will和would的用法1.表示自愿做或主动提出做什么,如意志、愿望或决定等。would用于过去的情况。—Cansomeonefetchsomewater?—Iwill.2.与you连用表示请求或要求:用won'tyou强调邀请的语气。would比will更客气、委婉。Wouldyoumindopeningthewindowforme?3.will表示规律性的“注定会”。Youwillregretforeverifyoulosethechance.如果失去这个机会你会后悔一辈子的。考点六need和dare的用法need和dare既可用作情态动词,也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时,主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时,可用于各种句式。1.做情态动词Youneedn'ttelephonehimnow.Shedarenotgooutaloneatnight.2.用作实义动词Youdon'tneedtodoityourself.Thetableneedspainting(tobepainted).Weshoulddaretogiveourownopinion.Hedidnotdaretolookup.可知,空白处填Need。答句意为“还需要问吗?当然是蒂姆了。”考点七usedto和would1.表示过去重复、习惯性动作时,usedto可用would代替。Hewouldsitatthedoorwaitingforhissoncomingback.2.usedto强调过去与现在对比,would则没这个意思。Heusedtogetupearly.他以前常常起得很早。(他现在不早起了)3.表示过去的状态,只能用usedto,不可以用would。Thereusedtobeatreeinmyyard.考点八could/might/would/should表委婉的功能—Could/MightIuseyourbiketomorrowmorning?—Yes,youcan/may.(否定:No,I'mafraidnot.)好,你可以(用)。(不,恐怕不行。)不可说:Yes,youcould/might.回答允许时,用could/might表委婉是不恰当的。—CouldIborrowyourdictionary?—Yes,ofcourseyoucan.Wouldyoudomeafavor?考点九“情态动词+havedone”的用法1.musthavedone此结构常用在肯定句中,表示对过去发生的行为的推测,意为“一定,肯定”。其否定或疑问形式用can't,而不用mustn't。Hemusthavebeendrunktosaythat.他准是喝醉了才那样说的。2.should+havedone表示本应该做而实际上没有做,其否定式“shouldn'thavedone”表示某种行为不该发生却发生了。Ithinkheshouldhavetriedtogetmorequalificationsbeforeapplyingforthejob.我认为他在申请这份工作之前应首先努力取得更多的资格证明。3.can(could)+havedone肯定式表示本来可以做而实际上未能做某事,疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。Youcouldhavetoldmeyouweregoingtobelate.4.may(might)+havedone表示对过去(将来)发生的行为的推测,表示可能干了某事。Whoknowswhatwillhappen?Youmayevenhavemarriedbythen.谁知道会发生什么呢?到那时你甚至可能已经结婚了。5.oughtto+havedone表示过去应做某事而实际未做,其否定式是“oughtnotto+不定式完成式”,此时oughtto可与should换用。Whatyououghttohavedoneiscallthepolice.6.needn't+havedone表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事。Terencehasdonesolittlework;heneedn'thavebotheredtocometoschooltoday.特伦斯几乎没做什么功课,他今天其实就不用来学校。二、虚拟语气考点一虚拟语气用于状语从句中1.虚拟语气用于非真实条件句条件从句主句例句与现在事实相反IfI(we,you,he,she,it,they)+动词过去式(be的形式一律用were)I(we,you,he,she,it,they)+would/should/could/might+动词原形Ifhewereindoors,hewouldn'tfeelsocold.与过去事实相反IfI(we,you,he,she,it,they)had+过去分词I(we,you,he,she,it,they)+would/should/could/might+havedoneIfyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldn'thavefailedintheexamination.与将来事实相反A式:If+主语+一般过去时B式:If+主语+weretodoC式:If+主语+shoulddoI(we,do,he,she,it,they)would/should/could/might+动词原形A:Ifhewereherethisevening,wewouldplaycards.B:IfsheweretomarryJack,shewouldbehappy.C:Ifsheshouldknowit,shewouldtellme.2.虚拟条件句和主句动作如发生的时间不一致,主句和从句的谓语要根据各自所指的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式,这种句子叫做错综时间条件句。IfIwereyou,Iwouldn'thavemissedthefilmlastnight.如果我是你,我就不会错过昨晚那部电影了。(现在→过去)Iftheyhadlefthomeinearlymorning,theywouldarriveinhalfanhour.要是他们一大早离开家的话,再过半个小时就该到了。(过去→将来)3.蓄虚拟条件句,有时虚拟条件不用从句,而是通过上下文或用介词短语等表示出来,常用的介词有with,without,butfor等。Butforyourhelp,wecouldn'thavesucceeded.Withoutelectricitylifewouldbequitedifferenttoday.[考题印证]I________tomycousin'sbirthdaypartylastnight,butIwasnotavailable.A.wentB.hadgoneC.wouldgoD.wouldhavegone考点二虚拟语气用于名词性从句中1.用于宾语从句中。(1)wish后面所跟宾语从句中的虚拟语气。表示对现在情况的虚拟:wish+主语+动词过去式或were表示对过去情况的虚拟:wish+主语+had+过去分词表示对将来情况的虚拟:wish+主语+would/could+动词原形Iwish(that)Iwereabirdandcouldflyfreelyinthesky.HowIwishIhadlistenedtomyparents'advice!HowIwishitweren'trainingnow.[考题印证]—Let'splayfootballtogethertomorrowafternoon.—OK,buthowIwish