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定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有那（这）个的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。1）特指双方都明白的人或物：Takethemedicine.2）上文提到过的人或事：Heboughtahouse.I'vebeentothehouse.3）指世上独一物二的事物：thesun，thesky，themoon，theearth4）单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：thedollarthefox；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：therich;theliving。5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，very，same等前面：Wheredoyoulive?Iliveonthesecondfloor.。That'stheverythingI'vebeenlookingfor.）与复数名词连用，指整个群体：Theyaretheteachersofthisschool.指全体教师)Theyareteachersofthisschool.(指部分教师)7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前：Shecaughtmebythearm..8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前：thePeople'sRepublicofChinatheUnitedStates9）用在表示乐器的名词之前：Sheplaysthepiano.10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：theGreens11)用在惯用语中：intheday,inthemorning(afternoon，evening),thedayaftertomorrowthedaybeforeyesterday,thenextmorning,inthesky(water，field，country)inthedark,intherain,inthedistance,inthemiddle(of),intheend,onthewhole,bytheway,gotothetheatre零冠词的用法1)国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England，Mary；2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词；Theyareteachers.3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词；Failureisthemotherofsuccess.4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词；Mancannotlivewithoutwater.5）在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词；WegotoschoolfromMondaytoFriday.6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词；TheguardstooktheAmericantoGeneralLee.7）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词如：havebreakfast，playchess8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词；Ican'twritewithoutpenorpencil.9）当by与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词；bybus，bytrain；10）有些个体名词不用冠词；如：school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class，town，church，court等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义；gotohospital去医院看病gotothehospital去医院(并不是去看病，而是有其他目的)11)不用冠词的序数词；a.序数词前有物主代词b.序数词作副词Hecamefirstintherace.(the)first,firstofall,fromfirsttolast冠词与形容词+名词结构1)两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。Heraisesablackandawhitecat.2)如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。Heraisesablackandwhitecat.冠词位置1)不定冠词位置不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意：a.位于下列形容词之后：such，what，many，half，Ihaveneverseensuchananimal.Manyamanisfitforthejob.b.当名词前的形容词被副词as,so,too,how,however,enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后：ItisaspleasantadayasIhaveeverspent.Soshortatime.Toolongadistance.，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。但当rather，quite前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可。如：quitealotd.在as，though引导的让步状语从句中，当标语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后：Braveamanthoughheis，hetremblesatthesightofsnake当名词被比较级形容词修饰时，不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。2)定冠词位置定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all，both，double，half，twice，threetimes等词之后，名词之前。Allthestudentsintheclasswentout.数词一、基数词1）基数词写法和读法：345threehundredandforty-five；2）基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数：a.与of短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连用，如scoresofpeople指许多人；b.在一些表示一排或一组的词组里；如：Theyarrivedintwosandthrees.他们三三两两的到达了。c.表示几十岁；inhisthirtiesd.表示年代，用in+the+数词复数；e.在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如：3x5=15Threefivesis(are)fifteen.二、序数词序数词的缩写形式：first---1stsecond---2ndthirty-first---31st三、数词的用法1）倍数表示法a.主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+as+adj.+asIhavethreetimesasmanyasyou.我有你三倍那么多。b.主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+thesize(amount，length…)of…Theearthis49timesthesizeofthemoon.地球是月球的49倍。c.主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+形容词（副词）比较级+than…Thegrainoutputis8percenthigherthisyearthanthatoflastyear.d.还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍Theproductionofgrainhasbeenincreasedbyfourtimesthisyear.2）分数表示法构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数：1/3one-third；3/37threeandthree-sevenths.数量表示法1.表示长、宽、高、面积等，用基数词+单位词（meter，foot，inch，kilogram等）+形容词（long，wide，high等）表示，或者用基数词+单位词+in+名词（length，width，height，weight等）表示。twometerslong或twometersinlength2米长threefeethigh或threefeetinheight3英尺高fourincheswide或fourinchesinwidth4英寸宽Thisboxis2kilogramsinweight．ThecitywallofXi'anis12meterswideand12metershigh．2.表示时间、距离时，使用含数词的名词所有格形式作定语。fiveminutes'walk1.Youare____shametoyourfamilywhileheis___honortohisfamily.A.an,anB.a,anC.an,aD.a,a2._____Europeand__Americaareseparatedby_______AtlanticOcean.A./,/,theB.the,the,theC./,/,/D.the,the,/3.____terriblelifepeopleinthesmallislandlivedatthetime?A.WhatB.HowC.WhataD.Howa4.Thingsof___kindcometogether;peopleof__kindfallinto___samegroup.A.the,the,theB.a,a,theC.the,the,aD.a,the,the5.Myfatherisill.Heisstillin____hospital.I’mgoingto___hospitaltoseehim.A.the,theB./,/C./,theD.the,/6.Payspecialattentiontotheidiomsof____Englishlanguage.A.theB.someC.anD./7.MymotherandIwantedtoseanewplay,butweweren’tbeabletogettheticketsfor_____twoofus.A./.B.theC.amongD.between8.Youmissed________“r”whenspellingtheword“horror”.A.theB.aC.anD./9.Shepulledtheboyby____armandgavehimahintthatshedidn’twanthimtotell___truth.A.the,theB.his,theC,the,/D.his,a10.Outrushedthesoldier,__gunin___hand.A.the,aB.a,theC.the,theD./,/11.Hehasturned___writer=Hehasbecome____writer.A.a;aB./;/C.a;/D./;a12.____BeijingUniversitydatesbackto1898,in____QingDynasty.A./,/B./,theC.The,the.D.The,/13.Heis____olderofthetwobrothers.A.aB.anC./D.the14.—Haveyouseen_________pen?Ileftitherethismorning.—Isit________blackone?IthinkIsawitsomewhere.A．a;theB．the;theC．the;aD．a;a15.What____fineweatherwehavetoday!A．aB．/C．someD．an16._____Himalayasis_____highestmountainin______world.A．/;the;/B．The;the;theC．A;a;aD．/;/;/17.Theyeachhave_____book.LiHua’sisabout____writer.WangLin’sison___science.A．a;a;/B．the;/;theC．/;the;/D．a;the;a18.______Physicsis_____scienceofmatterandenergy.A．The;/B．/;/C．/;theD．A;a19._____sunrisesin_____eastandsetsin_____west.A.A;an;aB．The;/;/C．The;the;theD．A;the;a20.Theywereat____din