德国、意大利、日本物流园区案例

PROJECT“ECO-EFFICIENTANDSUSTAINABLEURBANINFRASTRUCTUREDEVELOPMENTINASIAANDLATINAMERICA”ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofthematerialinthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheSecretariatoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorarea,oritsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.Thecontentandviewsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthorsandnotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsorpolicies,orcarrytheendorsementofanyoftheco-publishingorganizations.Referencetoacommercialentityorproductinthispublicationdoesnotimplyendorsement.Theco-publishingorganizationsdonotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthispublicationandacceptnoresponsibilityforanyconsequenceoftheiruse.Thispublicationhasbeenissuedwithoutformalediting.CASESTUDYReviewofgoodpracticesinurbanfreighttransportationPreparedbyDr.WisineeWisetjindawat,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NagoyaInstituteofTechnology1ExecutiveSummaryThisreportprovidesinformationonfreighttransportpoliciesimplementedinseveralregionsincludingAsia,Europe,andUnitedStates.Identifyingclearlytheobjectivesthatleadtosustainabledevelopmentinthefieldoffreighttransportisanecessaryfirststeptoguidepublicpoliciesonfreightoperations.Thisreportdefinestheobjectivesasfollows:1)Reducingenergyconsumptionperton-kilometer,2)Decreasington-kilometersoflesssustainabletransportationmodessuchasroadtransport,and3)Increasingusageofmoreenvironmentalfriendlytransportmodessuchasrail,water,andinlandwatertransports.Thepoliciesandmeasuresthatcanleadtotheseoutcomesareclassifiedinto5groups.Theyare:Licensingandregulations,Freightcentersandconsolidateddeliveries,Low-emissionvehicles,environmentallyfriendlymodes,andalternativefuels,Technology-basedserviceimprovementanddrivertraining,andNewfreighttransportsystems.Thepoliciesandmeasuresineachofthecategoriesarediscussedbasedontheircontributiontoachievingthestatedobjectives,andtheirpracticalityisanalyzed.Particularpointsofconcernwitheachpolicyarepresented.Amongthepromisingmeasures,somecasestudiesareselectedforanindepthdiscussionincluding:Multimodalfreightcenters,Urbanfreightcenters,andIncentivesforincreasinguseofmoreenvironmentallyfriendlymodes.Freightcentersandconsolidateddeliveriesprovidethemostpromisingwaytoachievesustainabledevelopment,astheycanreducetheuseofroadtransport,whichgeneratesthemostnegativeenvironmentalimpact.Multi-modalfacilitiesoffreightcenterstogetherwiththedevelopmentofrailandwatertransportnetworksarehighlyrecommendedsincetheyrespondtothethirdobjective,thatofincreasingtheshareofmoreenvironmentallyfriendlymodes,aswellasincreasingtheopportunitiesforconsolidateddelivery.Coordinationamongthemeasuresisalsorecommendedinorder2toimprovethechancesofsuccessfulimplementationandtoincreasecooperationfromprivatesectoroperators.CONTENTSExecutivesummary11Introduction31.1Introduction31.2ObjectivestowardSustainableFreightTransportation52Policiesonfreighttransportation72.1Reviewsofpoliciesrelatedtofreighttransportation72.1.1Licensingandregulations72.1.2Freightcentersandconsolidateddelivery92.1.3Low-emissionvehicles,alternativefuels,andtheuseofenvironmentalfriendlymodes132.1.4Technologiesforserviceimprovementanddrivertraining152.1.5Freighttransportationsystemforthenewcentury172.2Comparisonsamongthefreightpracticesandrecommendations172.3Conclusion233Selectedcasestudies:253.1Overview253.2Projectstoincreasetheuseoflow-emissionmodes263.3Multimodalfreightcenters303.3.1GVZ,Bremen303.3.2Interporto,Bologna353.4Urbanfreightcenters413.4.1CityLogistik,Kassel413.4.2PublicWholesaleMarketsinJapan433.5Discussion493.6Conclusion524ConclusionandRecommendation54References5731.IntroductionIntroductionFreighttransportationiscertainlyoneofthemostimportantelementsforeconomicgrowthinanycountry.Efficientfreighttransportandlogisticssystemscanstrengthentheeconomicstructureofacountry.Thecostoflogisticsisgenerallycomputedasapercentageofgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)ofacountry.ReferringtoalogisticsreportfromBangkokBank(2007),indevelopedcountriessuchastheUnitedKingdomorJapan,thelogisticscostisaround10percentofGDP,whileforcountriesinAsiaandPacificregion,theproportionishigheratabout11.6percentoftheGDP.Thailandespeciallyhasaconsiderablyhigherestimatedlogisticscostof19percentofGDPoratotalof1.5trillionBaht.ThismeansthatThailandisspendingagreaterproportionofitswealthonlogisticsactivitiesincomparisontodevelopedcountries,andthereforeissufferingfromitsinefficientfreightandlogisticssystemresultinginanuncompetitivepositioninbothglobalanddomesticmarkets.Notonlytheeconomicperspectivebutalsoenvironmentalconcernsshouldbeanalyzedaswell.Duringlasttenyears,environmentalquestionshavebecomemorepressingaroundtheworld.Climatechangeiscurrentlyasubjectofglobaldebate.Since1987intheUnitedNationsBrundtlandcommission,sustainabledevelopmentisdeclaredtobethekeyforfuturedevelopment.Theword“sustainable”anditsimplicationsintermsofrecycling,forexample,havebecomepartofourlifestylesincethen,andcleanenergydominatesdiscussionsoffuturedevelopment.Aswellaspasse