上海市第一届初中物理竞赛初赛试题(1987年)-1-1987年上海市第一届初中物理竞赛初赛试题说明:本卷共四大题,答卷时间为90分钟,满分为100分.一.判断题(正确的只侧在题后打上“√”,错误的打上“×”。答对每小题得1分,不答不给分。本题共10分)1.弹簧的长度跟受到的拉力成正比。······························································()2.公共汽车紧急刹车时,乘客会往前倒,说明乘客有惯性,而汽车没有惯性。········()3.只要不改变对物体的作用力大小,物体速度不会改变。···································()4.一个最多能装10千克水的容器装不下10千克的冰。······································()5.0℃的冰比0℃的水更冷些。·······································································()6.被100℃蒸汽烫伤要被100℃开水烫伤更危险。··············································()7.因为木块受到的浮力大于它的重力,所以木块浮在水面上。·····························()8.不仅气体之间、液体之间会发生扩散现象,固体之间也会发生扩散现象。···········()9.金属导体中的电流方向就是自由电子定向移动的方向。···································()10.纯水在温度90℃时也会沸腾。····································································()二.选择题(以下每小题有一个或几个选择符合题意,请把符合题意的选项前的编号填写在题后括号内。选对得2分,漏选得1分,不选得0分,出现错误倒扣1分。本题共40分)1.下面列出的长度中,接近6厘米的是···························································()(A)墨水瓶的高度;(B)铅笔芯的直径;(C)教科书的宽度;(D)桔子的半径。2.下面关于实验误差的说法,那些是正确的·····················································()(A)认真细致地测量就可以避免误差;(B)选用精密测量仪器,改进实验方法,可以减小误差;(C)误差是由于测量中未遵守操作规程而造成的;(D)误差是绝对不能避免的。3.两艘完全相同的轮船停靠在水中,甲船装满货物,乙船尚未装满货物,则···········()(A)甲船所受的浮力大于重力;(B)乙船所受浮力小于重力;(C)甲乙两船所受浮力相等;(D)甲船所受浮力大于乙船所受浮力。4.木块放在水平桌面上,桌面对木块的压力跟木块的重力是································()(A)一对大小相等、方向相反的力;(B)一对平衡力;(C)一对作用力和反作用力;(D)作用在同一物体上的力。5.即使在冰上滑动的石块,最后也会停下来,这是由于······································()(A)没有力对它作用的原因;(B)冰还不够光滑的原因;(C)石头遇到了阻力的原因;(D)石头的惯性逐渐减小的原因。6.正在运动的物体,所受的一切外力如果同时消失,那么将发生的现象是··············()(A)立即停下来;(B)速度逐渐减小,最后停止;(C)开始做匀速直线运动;(D)速度大小不变,方向可能改变。7.某人从平面镜里看到台钟的钟面如图1所示,这表明当时的准确时间是··············()上海市第一届初中物理竞赛初赛试题(1987年)-2-(A)6点55分;(B)10点40分;(C)5点05分;(D)5点20分。8.下列哪些说法是不正确的··········································································()(A)省力的机械一定费距离;(B)功率大的机器比功率小的机器做功多;(C)省距离的机械一定省力;(D)功率小的机器比功率大的机器做功慢。9.已知凸透镜的焦距为f,那么符合成象规律的是··············································()(A)如果得到倒立的像,则物距u必须大于焦距f才有可能;(B)如果得到正立的像,则物距u必须小于焦距f才有可能;(C)如果在屏上得到缩小的像,则物距u必须大于两倍焦距才有可能;(D)如果得到与物同侧的缩小的像,则物距u必须等于焦距f才有可能。10.关于物体的热膨胀,下列说法错误的是:·····················································()(A)一切物体都在温度升高时膨胀,在温度降低时收缩;(B)对气体和固体加热,气体的热膨胀总比固体的大;(C)对铜片和铁片分别加热,铜片的热膨胀总比铁片的小;(D)在电灯泡里,焊接在玻璃中的金属线的热膨胀必须跟玻璃的相等,否则温度改变时接口处会松脱。11.关于温度和热量,下列说法正确的是···························································()(A)物体所含有的热量越多,温度越高;(B)当温度不同的物体互相接触时,热量就会自动地从高温物体流向低温物体;(C)热量多的物体总是把热量传给热量少的物体;(D)当物体温度发生变化时要吸收或放出热量。12.关于物体颜色的正确说法是·······································································()(A)白纸能反射各种单色光,而黑纸能吸收各种单色光;(B)由红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫等七种颜色混在一起就得到白颜料;(C)白光是由各种单色光混合而成的;(D)红色透明体只能吸收红色光。13.将两块冰互相摩擦,做功16800焦耳,在这过程中如果有50%的功转化为热,则可溶解0℃的冰·································································································()(A)25克;(B)50克;(C)100克;(D)150克。14.铁桶的底面积为200厘米2,倒入196牛,水的高度为100厘米2,则桶底所受的压强等于·········································································································()(A)0.98帕;(B)9800帕;(C)980帕;(D)9.8帕。15.汽油机和柴油机的主要不同点是·································································()(A)在构造上汽油机汽缸顶部有火花塞,而柴油机的汽缸顶部有喷油嘴;(B)在吸气冲程中汽油机吸入汽缸的是汽油,柴油机吸入汽缸的是柴油;(C)在压缩冲程末汽油机用点燃式点火,而柴油机采用的是压燃式点火;(D)在做功过程中汽油机里的燃气温度和压强比柴油机里的高。图1上海市第一届初中物理竞赛初赛试题(1987年)-3-16.A、B、C、D四个带电体,已知D带正电,A和C互相排斥,C和B互相吸引,而B和D也互相排斥,则····················································································()(A)A、C带正电,B带负电;(B)A、C带负电,B带正电;(C)B、C带正电,A带负电;(D)A所带电性不能确定。17.把用毛皮摩擦过的橡胶棒接触验电器的金属球,这时验电器的两片金属箔就张开,这表明验电器是····························································································()(A)带正电的;(B)带负电的;(C)带电的;(D)中性的。18.用一个凸透镜使一个明亮的物体成象在光屏上,如果用一张卡片遮住凸透镜的上半部分,结果是···································································································()(A)像的上半部分消失;(B)像的上半部分消失;(C)像仍是完整的,但比不遮卡片时暗些;(D)像仍是完整的,完全不受影响。19.喝开水时,怕开水烫嘴,常用口向水面吹气,使水凉起来,这是由于·················()(A)向水面吹气,吹的是二氧化碳气体,具有致冷作用;(B)向水面吹气可以加快水的蒸发,带走热量;(C)吹出的气的温度比水低,混合后水就凉了;(D)上述说法都不正确。20.容器内原来盛有水银,有一只小铁球浮在水银面上,如图2(a)所示,现在再向容器里倒入油,使小铁球完全浸没在这两种液体中,如图2(b)所示,则··························()(A)铁球受到的浮力增大;(B)铁球受到油的压力而下沉了些;(C)铁球上升些使它在水银中的体积减小;(D)铁球保持原来的位置不动。三.填空题1.持续电流存在的条件是:__________和______________。2.使用天平前,先要调节天平,使底板_______;使横梁_________。在调节横梁时首先要使_______对准横梁标尺的零刻度线,然后调节横梁_____________,使指针指在_______。3.甲、乙是两个完全相同的装满酒精的容器,如图3所示,放置在水平桌面上,则容器甲底部受到的压强_______容器乙底部受到的压强;容器甲底部受到的压力______容器乙底部受到的压力;容器甲对桌面的压强______容器乙对桌面的压强;容器甲对桌面的压力_______容器乙对桌面的压力。4.平面镜成的向像与物大小______,并且是____的____像,而小孔成的像与物大小______,并且是_____倒立的______像。5.黑板发生“发光”时,字看不清楚,这是因为黑板发生_______反射的原因。6.一标准大气压相当于____厘米高的水银柱所产生的压强。图2图3上海市第一届初中物理竞赛初赛试题(1987年)-4-四.计算题(每题10分,共30分)1.如图4所示,一轻质杠杆ABC是跟三个滑轮相连的机械装置,O是支点,物体P重20牛,浸没在密度为0.8×103千克/米3的煤油里,已知AB=BC=CO=30厘米,砝码G1=4牛,G2=10牛,若杠杆处于平衡状态,求物体P的体积。2.物体甲的体积为25.0厘米3,乙的体积为10.0厘米3,现用细线把它们连接起来,放在水中如图5所示,正好平衡。已知细线上的拉力为0.150牛,求物体甲、乙的密度。3.质量为m1的铜质量热器盛着质量为m2的水,它们的共同温度为t0现将一块质量为m3、温度为t(tt0)的铁块放入量热器水中,设铜、水、铁的比热为c1、c2、c3。求最后温度t3。图4图4