搜索
TheFreeHighSchoolScienceTexts:ATextbookforHighSchoolStudentsStudyingPhysics.FHSSTAuthors1August5,20051See°2003\FreeHighSchoolScienceTextsPermissionisgrantedtocopy,distributeand/ormodifythisdocumentunderthetermsoftheGNUFreeDocumentationLicense,Version1.2oranylaterversionpublishedbytheFreeSoftwareFoundation;withnoInvariantSections,noFront-CoverTexts,andnoBack-CoverTexts.Acopyofthelicenseisincludedinthesectionentitled\GNUFreeDocumentationLicense.iContentsIPhysics11Units31.1PGCEComments....................................31.2`TODO'LIST.....................................31.3Introduction.......................................31.4UnitSystems......................................41.4.1SIUnits(SystµemeInternationald'Unit¶es)..................41.4.2TheOtherSystemsofUnits..........................51.5TheImportanceofUnits................................61.6ChoiceofUnits.....................................71.7HowtoChangeUnits|the\Multiplyby1Technique..............71.8HowUnitsCanHelpYou...............................81.8.1Whatisa`sanitytest'?............................81.9Temperature......................................81.10Scienti¯cNotation,Signi¯cantFiguresandRounding................91.11Conclusion.......................................102WavesandWavelikeMotion112.1Whatarewaves?....................................112.1.1CharacteristicsofWaves:Amplitude....................112.1.2CharacteristicsofWaves:Wavelength....................122.1.3CharacteristicsofWaves:Period.......................122.1.4CharacteristicsofWaves:Frequency.....................132.1.5CharacteristicsofWaves:Speed.......................132.2TwoTypesofWaves..................................142.3PropertiesofWaves..................................152.3.1PropertiesofWaves:Re°ection.......................152.3.2PropertiesofWaves:Refraction.......................172.3.3PropertiesofWaves:Interference......................192.3.4PropertiesofWaves:StandingWaves....................202.3.5Beats......................................262.3.6PropertiesofWaves:Di®raction.......................282.3.7PropertiesofWaves:Dispersion.......................302.4PracticalApplicationsofWaves:SoundWaves...................302.4.1DopplerShift..................................302.4.2MachCone...................................322.4.3Ultra-Sound...................................33ii2.5ImportantEquationsandQuantities.........................353GeometricalOptics373.1Refractionre-looked..................................373.1.1ApparentandRealDepth:..........................383.1.2SplittingofWhiteLight............................393.1.3TotalInternalRe°ection............................403.2Lenses..........................................403.2.1Convexlenses..................................413.2.2ConcaveLenses.................................413.2.3Magni¯cation..................................423.2.4CompoundMicroscope.............................433.2.5TheHumanEye................................433.3Introduction.......................................443.4Re°ection........................................443.4.1Di®usere°ection................................443.4.2Regularre°ection................................443.4.3Lawsofre°ection................................443.4.4Lateralinversion................................453.5CurvedMirrors.....................................453.5.1ConcaveMirrors(ConvergingMirrors)....................453.5.2ConvexMirrors.................................463.5.3Refraction....................................463.5.4LawsofRefraction...............................473.5.5TotalInternalRe°ection............................483.5.6Mirage......................................493.6TheElectromagneticSpectrum............................493.7ImportantEquationsandQuantities.........................504Vectors514.1PGCEComments....................................514.2`TODO'LIST.....................................514.3Introduction.......................................524.3.1Mathematicalrepresentation.........................524.3.2Graphicalrepresentation............................534.4SomeExamplesofVectors...............................534.4.1Displacement..................................534.4.2Velocity.....................................544.4.3Acceleration...................................574.5MathematicalPropertiesofVectors..........................584.5.1AdditionofVectors..............................584.5.2SubtractionofVectors.............................604.5.3ScalarMultiplication..............................614.6TechniquesofVectorAddition............................614.6.1GraphicalTechniques.............................614.6.2AlgebraicAdditionandSubtractionofVectors...............714.7ComponentsofVectors.................................764.7.1Blockonanincline...............................784.7.2Vectoradditionusingcomponents......................79iii4.8DoIreallyneedtolearnaboutvectors?Aretheyreallyuseful?.....