【管理类】项目管理（全英文版）(1)

©1996ProjectManagementInstitute,130SouthStateRoad,UpperDarby,PA19082USA1THEPROJECTMANAGEMENTFRAMEWORK1.Introduction2.TheProjectManagementContext3.ProjectManagementProcessesiNOTES2TheProjectManagementBodyofKnowledge(PMBOK)isaninclusivetermthatde-scribesthesumofknowledgewithintheprofessionofprojectmanagement.Aswithotherprofessionssuchaslaw,medicine,andaccounting,thebodyofknowledgerestswiththepractitionersandacademicswhoapplyandadvanceit.ThefullPMBOKin-cludesknowledgeofproven,traditionalpracticeswhicharewidelyappliedaswellasknowledgeofinnovativeandadvancedpracticeswhichhaveseenmorelimiteduse.Thischapterdefinesandexplainsseveralkeytermsandprovidesanoverviewoftherestofthedocument.Itincludesthefollowingmajorsections:1.1PurposeofthisDocument1.2WhatisaProject?1.3WhatisProjectManagement?1.4RelationshiptoOtherManagementDisciplines1.5RelatedEndeavors1.1PURPOSEOFTHISDOCUMENTTheprimarypurposeofthisdocumentistoidentifyanddescribethatsubsetofthePMBOKwhichisgenerallyaccepted.Generallyacceptedmeansthattheknowledgeandpracticesdescribedareapplicabletomostprojectsmostofthetime,andthatthereiswidespreadconsensusabouttheirvalueandusefulness.Generallyaccepteddoesnotmeanthattheknowledgeandpracticesdescribedareorshouldbeapplieduniformlyonallprojects;theprojectmanagementteamisalwaysresponsiblefordeterminingwhatisappropriateforanygivenproject.Thisdocumentisalsointendedtoprovideacommonlexiconwithintheprofes-sionfortalkingaboutprojectmanagement.Projectmanagementisarelativelyyoungprofession,andwhilethereissubstantialcommonalityaroundwhatisdone,thereisrelativelylittlecommonalityinthetermsused.Thisdocumentprovidesabasicreferenceforanyoneinterestedintheprofes-sionofprojectmanagement.Thisincludes,butisnotlimitedto:•Projectmanagersandotherprojectteammembers.•Managersofprojectmanagers.•Projectcustomersandotherprojectstakeholders.•Functionalmanagerswithemployeesassignedtoprojectteams.•Educatorsteachingprojectmanagementandrelatedsubjects.•Consultantsandotherspecialistsinprojectmanagementandrelatedfields.•Trainersdevelopingprojectmanagementeducationalprograms.Asabasicreference,thisdocumentisneithercomprehensivenorall-inclusive.AppendixEdiscussesapplicationareaextensionswhileAppendixFlistssourcesoffurtherinformationonprojectmanagement.INTRODUCTION1©1996ProjectManagementInstitute,130SouthStateRoad,UpperDarby,PA19082USA31.1PurposeofthisDocument1.2WhatisaProject?1.3WhatisProjectManagement?1.4RelationshiptoOtherManagementDisciplines1.5RelatedEndeavorsThisdocumentisalsousedbytheProjectManagementInstitutetoprovideaconsistentstructureforitsprofessionaldevelopmentprogramsincluding:•CertificationofProjectManagementProfessionals(PMPs).•Accreditationofdegree-grantingeducationalprogramsinprojectmanagement.1.2WHATISAPROJECT?Organizationsperformwork.Workgenerallyinvolveseitheroperationsorprojects,althoughthetwomayoverlap.Operationsandprojectssharemanycharacteristics;forexample,theyare:•Performedbypeople.•Constrainedbylimitedresources.•Planned,executed,andcontrolled.Operationsandprojectsdifferprimarilyinthatoperationsareongoingandrepetitivewhileprojectsaretemporaryandunique.Aprojectcanthusbedefinedintermsofitsdistinctivecharacteristics—aprojectisatemporaryendeavorundertak-entocreateauniqueproductorservice.Temporarymeansthateveryprojecthasadefinitebeginningandadefiniteend.Uniquemeansthattheproductorserviceisdifferentinsomedistinguishingwayfromallsimilarproductsorservices.Projectsareundertakenatalllevelsoftheorganization.Theymayinvolveasin-glepersonormanythousands.Theymayrequirelessthan100hourstocompleteorover10,000,000.Projectsmayinvolveasingleunitofoneorganizationormaycrossorganizationalboundariesasinjointventuresandpartnering.Projectsareof-tencriticalcomponentsoftheperformingorganization’sbusinessstrategy.Exam-plesofprojectsinclude:•Developinganewproductorservice.•Effectingachangeinstructure,staffing,orstyleofanorganization.•Designinganewtransportationvehicle.•Developingoracquiringanewormodifiedinformationsystem.•Constructingabuildingorfacility.•Runningacampaignforpoliticaloffice.•Implementinganewbusinessprocedureorprocess.1.2.1TemporaryTemporarymeansthateveryprojecthasadefinitebeginningandadefiniteend.Theendisreachedwhentheproject’sobjectiveshavebeenachieved,orwhenitbe-comesclearthattheprojectobjectiveswillnotorcannotbemetandtheprojectisterminated.Temporarydoesnotnecessarilymeanshortinduration;manyprojectslastforseveralyears.Ineverycase,however,thedurationofaprojectisfinite;pro-jectsarenotongoingefforts.Inaddition,temporarydoesnotgenerallyapplytotheproductorservicecreat-edbytheproject.Mostprojectsareundertakentocreatealastingresult.Forex-ample,aprojecttoerectanationalmonumentwillcreatearesultexpectedtolastcenturies.Manyundertakingsaretemporaryinthesensethattheywillendatsomepoint.Forexample,assemblyworkatanautomotiveplantwilleventuallybediscontinued,andtheplantitselfdecommissioned.Projectsarefundamentallydifferentbecausetheprojectceaseswhenitsdeclaredobjectiveshavebeenattained,whilenon-projectun-dertakingsadoptanewsetofobjectivesandcontinuetowork.4©1996ProjectM