搜索
PartOne①Beowulf:ThenationalheroicepicoftheEnglishpeople.Ithasover3,000lines.ItdescribesthebattlesbetweenthetwomonstersandBeowulf,whowonthebattlefinallyanddeadforthefatalwound.Thepoemendswiththefuneralofthehero.Themoststrikingfeatureinitspoeticalformistheuseifalliteration.Otherfeaturesofitaretheuseofmetaphors(暗喻)andofunderstatements(含蓄).②Alliteration:Inalliterativeverse,certainaccented(重音)wordsinalinebeginwiththesameconsonantsound(辅音).Therearegenerally4accentsinaline,3ofwhichshowalliteration,ascanbeseenfromtheabovequotation.③Romance:Themostprevailing(流行的)kindofliteratureinfeudalEnglandwastheRomance.Itwasalongcomposition,sometimesinverse(诗篇),sometimesinprose(散文),describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero,usuallyaknight,asridingforthtoseekadventures,takingpartintournament(竞赛),orfightingforhislordinbattleandtheswearingofoaths.④Epic:Anepicisalengthynarrativepoem,ordinarilyconcerningaserioussubjectcontainingdetailsofheroicdeedsandeventssignificantlytoacultureornation.Thefirstepicsareknownasprimacy,ororiginalepics.⑤Ballad:ThemostimportantdepartmentofEnglishfolkliteratureistheballadwhichisastorytoldinsong,usuallyin4-linestanzas(诗节),withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.Thesubjectsofballadsarevariousinkind,asthestruggleofyoungloversagainsttheirfeudal-mindedfamilies,theconflictbetweenloveandwealth,thecrueltyofjealousy,thecriticismofthecivilwar,andthemattersandclassstruggle.Theparamount(卓越的)importantballadisRobinHood(《绿林好汉》).⑥GeoffreyChaucer杰弗里.乔叟:HewasanEnglishauthor,poet,philosopheranddiplomat.HeisthefounderofEnglishpoetry.HeobtainedagoodknowledgeofLatin,FrenchandItalian.HisbestrememberednarrativeistheCanterburyTales(《坎特伯雷故事集》),whichthePrologue(序言)suppliesaminiature(缩影)oftheEnglishsocietyofChaucer’stime.ThatiswhyChaucerhasbeencalled“thefounderofEnglishrealism”.Chauceraffirmsmenandwomen’srighttopursuetheirhappinessonearthandopposes(反对)thedogmaofasceticism(禁欲主义)preached(鼓吹)bythechurch.Asaforerunnerofhumanism,hepraisesman’senergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflife.Chaucer’scontributiontoEnglishpoetrylieschieflyinthefactthatheintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzaofvarioustypes,especiallytherhymedcoupletof5accentsiniambic(抑扬格)meter(the“heroiccouplet”)toEnglishpoetry,insteadoftheoldAnglo-Saxonalliterativeverse.⑦【WilliamLangland威廉.朗兰:PiersthePlowman《农夫皮尔斯》】PartTwoTheEnglishBible:ThefirstcompleteEnglishBiblewastranslatedbyJohnWycliffe(约翰?威克里夫).TheAuthorizedVersionisKingJamesBiblemadein1611.TheresultisamonumentofEnglishlanguageandEnglishliterature.Renaissance:Renaissanceorthebirthoflettersisanintellectualmovement.Itstwofeaturesareathirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliteratureandthekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity.Humanismisthekey-noteoftheRenaissance.WilliamCaxton威廉.卡克斯顿:HeisthefirstEnglishprinterandinventedinEnglandtheprofessionofpublisher.ThomasMore托马斯.莫尔:ThegreatestoftheEnglishhumanistswasThomasMore,theauthorofUtopia《乌托邦》.Heisalsooneofsuch“giants”(巨匠)oftheRenaissance.Hedistinguishedhimselfasalearnedscholar,amasterofLatin,awittytalker,aloverofmusic,anhoneststatesman,andamanofnoblecharacter,modestbutsteadfast(坚定的),tohisconvictions.Hewasafar-sightedthinker,aspiredforatotallynewsocietywithhappy,classless,andfreefrompovertyandexploitation.Hewasoneoftheforerunnersofmodernsocialistthought.Utopia:ItisMore’smasterpiece,writtenintheformofaconservationbetweenMoreandHythloday,areturnedvoyager.Itisdividedintotwobooks.ThefirstbookcontainsalongdiscussiononthesocialconditionsofEngland.Inthesecondbookisdescribedindetailanidealcommunistsociety,Utopia.Thename“Utopia”comesfromGreekwordsmeaning“noplace”andwasadoptedbyMoreasthenameofhisidealcommonwealth.PhilipSidney菲利普.锡德尼:Heiswell-knownasapoetandcriticofpoetry.Hiscollectionoflovesonnets,AstrophelandStella《爱星者与星》,waspublishedin1591.EdmundSpenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞(莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人)：Thepoet’spoetoftheperiodwasESwhowasburiedbesideChaucerinWestminsterAbbey.EShasheldhispositionasamodelofpoeticalartamongtheRenaissanceEnglishpoets,andhisinfluencecanbetracedintheworksofMilton,Shelley,andKeats.ESisthefirstmastertomakethatlanguagethenaturalmusicofhispoeticeffusions(感情的流露).HissonnetsinAmoretti,togetherwithSidney’sAstrophelandStellaandShakespeare’ssonnets,arethemostfamoussonnetsequencesoftheElizabethAge.【In1579hewroteTheShepherd’sCalendar《牧人日记》whichmarkedthebudding(萌芽)oftheRenaissanceflowerinthenorthernislandofEngland.ThefaerieQueen《仙后》ishisgreatestworkwhichwasdedicatedtoQueenElizabeth.】FrancisBacon:HeisthefounderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophyandthefounderofmodernscienceinEngland.HisNewInstrumentiscalledtheInductiveMethodofreasoning.HeisalsothefirstEnglishessayist.Togiveafew,“Menfeardeathaschildrenfeartogointhedark..”“Studiesservefordelight.”“Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.”Drama:TheMiraclePlay圣迹剧TheMoralityPlay道德剧寓意剧TheInterlude幕间节目ChristopherMarlowe克里斯托弗.马洛:Themostgiftedofthe“universitywits”wasChristopherMarlowe.Hisbestworkinclude3ofhisplays,Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》(1587),TheJewofMalta《马耳岛的犹太人》(1592),andDoctorFaustus《浮士德博士》(1588).HewasthegreatestofthepioneersofEnglishdrama.Hisworkpavedthewayforthepl