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FourGreatInventionsgreatcontributionsoftheChinesepeopletotheworld’scivilizations小组成员：陈咏雪李勐张薇李雪菁PaperPrintingGunpowderCompassTheearliestChinesecharacterswereinscribedonbones,tortoiseshellsandbronzewaresintheShangDynastyandlater,writtenonsilk,bambooandwood.TheearliestChinesebooksweremadefromflatstripsofbambooorwood,inscribedandthenthreadedtogether.Theywereheavyandbulky,inconvenientforreadingandcarrying.Chinawasthefirstcountryintheworldtomakeproperpaper.PapermadeduringtheWesternHanDynasty(202BC-16AD)hasbeenfoundinGansuProvince,Xi'anandotherplacesinShanxiProvinceaswellasXinjiang.AfurtherdevelopmentofpaperiscreditedtoCaiLunoftheEasternHan(25-220).Heusedplantfibersuchastreebark,bitsofrope,ragsandworn-outfishingnetsasrawmaterials.In105,CaipresentedthefirstbatchofpapermadeunderhissupervisiontotheHanemperor,whowassodelightedthathenamedthematerialMarquisCai'spaper.Theimportanceoftheinventionofpapercanhardlybeexaggerated.IthadagreatsignificancetoculturalprogressnotonlyinChinabutthroughouttheworld.Seals(relief&intaglio)→→→BlockprintingThefirstmethodofprintinginChinawastheseals—inrelieforintaglio.Then,inthe6thcenturyblockprintingwasinventedbycombiningthetwomethodsusedforsealsandstonerubbings.Bytheendofthe11thcentury,OnthebasisofprintingusingcarvedblocksintheTangDynasty,amancalledBiShengoftheNorthernSongDynastyinventedmovabletypeprintinginthe1040s.Bi'sprintingconsistedoffourprocesses:makingthetypes,composingthetext,printingandretrievingthemovabletypes.Economicalandconvenient,theuseofthesetypesbroughtaboutarevolutioninprinting.Inthemid-eighthcentury,printingbegantobeintroducedintoKoreaandJapanintheEastandEgyptandEuropeintheWest,playingagreatroleintheculturaldevelopmentoftheworld.•Gunpowder•Thegunpowderismadeofniter,sulfurandcharcoalthreekindsofmaterialsmixing.•火药•火药是由硝石、硫和木炭三种原料混合制成的。•IntheTangDynasty,thegunpowderbeginstobeappliedtothemilitaryaffairs.•Peopleutilizethethrowingstonemachine,lightthegunpowderbagandthrowout,burntheenemy,thisisthemostprimitivecannon.•唐朝，火药开始应用到军事上。•人们利用抛射石头的抛石机，把火药包点着以后，抛射出去，烧伤敌人，这是最原始的火炮。HandgunfromtheYuandynasty,circa1300s.Hempwrappingpaper,China,circa100BCCompassTheearliestreferencetoamagneticdeviceusedasadirectionfinderisinaSongDynastybookdatedtoAD1040-44.Herethereisadescriptionofanironsouth-pointingfishfloatinginabowlofwater,aligningitselftothesouth.Thedeviceisrecommendedasameansoforientationintheobscurityofthenight.“However,thefirstsuspendedmagneticneedlecompasswaswrittenofbyShenKuoinhisbookofAD1088.Thereare3kindsofcompassPrimitivecompassPointing-to-the-South–FishMariner’scompassPrimitivecompassItisintheshapeofspooncutfromannaturalmagnetitePointing-to-the-South-FishItisapieceofthinironsheetcutintotheshapeofafish,magnetizedinageomagneticfieldandputintowater,floatingandlyingnorth-to–south.ThiswastheearliestcompassMariner’scompassIntheNorthernSongDynastythemariner’scompasswasinvented.Itwasmadebyputtingamagneticneedlesonawoodendiskcalledluopan.Withtheinventionofcompass,peoplearenolongerdeterminedirectionbythepositionofthesunintheday-timeandthestarsatnightFormostofChinesehistory,thecompassthatremainedinusewasintheformofamagneticneedlefloatinginabowlofwater.AccordingtoNeedham,theChineseintheSongDynastyandcontinuingYuanDynastydidmakeuseofadrycompass,althoughthistypeneverbecameaswidelyusedinChinaasthewetcompass’ThedrycompassusedinChinawasadrysuspensioncompass,awoodenframecraftedintheshapeofaturtlehungupsidedownbyaboard,withthelodestonesealedinbywax,andifrotated,theneedleatthetailwouldalwayspointinthenortherncardinaldirection.Althoughthe14th-centuryEuropeancompass-cardinboxframeanddrypivotneedlewasadoptedinChinaafteritsusewastakenbyJapanesepiratesinthe16thcentury(whohadinturnlearnedofitfromEuropeans),theChinesedesignofthesuspendeddrycompasspersistedinusewellintothe18thcentury.