大学英语-翻译课件-商务英语翻译教程(2)

商务英语翻译教程CollegeBusinessEnglishACourseforTranslation从商务英语翻译教程这门课的名称来看，他有两个关键词，一个商务英语，一个翻译。这门课就围绕这两方面来进行。说到翻译呢，对于一个优秀的翻译人员的话，理论是基础，实践是真理。也就是说，实践对于学好翻译来说是至关重要的。如果只掌握了理论，而不去实践，是不能成为好的翻译人员的。相反，没有理论系统的学习，而有大量的翻译实践，有可能是以为合格的翻译者。而商务英语翻译除了关系着翻译，还涉及到很多商贸知识。翻译理论在我国，文字翻译最早开始于春秋时期的《越人歌》，迄今大约有2500年的历史，对翻译标准的争论也有1000多年，但有关翻译标准在翻译界迄今还没有达成“共识”，即还没有一个大家都认同的翻译标准。翻译是一门推敲的，无唯一答案的课程。国内外翻译标准百家争鸣、白花齐放。信、达、雅”。1898年，严复在《天演论》的《译例言》中说：“译事之难：信、达、雅。求其信，已大难矣！顾信矣，不达，虽译，犹不译也，则达尚焉。”后来一般就把“信、达、雅”当作翻译的标准。用今天的话来说，“信”就是忠实准确，“达”就是通顺流畅，“雅”就是文字古雅。“功能对等”。“功能对等”（FunctionalEquivalence）翻译准则是由美国著名翻译家尤金.奈达（EugeneA.Nida）博士提出的。在众多的国外翻译家中，奈达的翻译理论可以说对我国的影响最大。他认为，翻译的预期目的主要是原文与译文在信息内容、说话方式、文体、风格、语言、文化、社会因素诸方面达到对等。综观国内外翻译家们的观点，可以得出结论：中外翻译标准其实质上有一致性，即：信息对等。说到底，不管什么样的翻译标准，都离不开一个“真”字，换言之，译文应该是原文信息的真实反映，译者最大限度地将原文作者所赋予原文语言文字的“任务”转译到译文里。译者应具备的能力翻译过程是一个语言转化的过程，涉及跨语言，跨文化的内容。外语水平能力母语水平能力知识水平能力商务英语专业行话术语应用水平能力只有通过练习实践，才能真正提高译者的翻译水平BusinessnegotiationsTheconclusionofafavorablesalecontractresultslargelyfromcarefulandmeticulous(极仔细的;一丝不苟的)businessnegotiationbetweentheexporterandtheimporter.Tradenegotiationsininternationalbusinessbackgroundconsistoffivesteps:enquiry,offer,counter-offer,acceptance,andtheformationofcontract.EnquiriesAnenquiryisusuallymadebyanimportertoanexporter,askingforpriceslists,catalogues,samples,anddetailsaboutthegoodsortradeterms.However,theexporter,onreceivingtheenquiry,willmakeareplyto,thusgettingthenegotiationstarted.Businessnegotiationsinforeigntradeusuallycommencewithanenquirybyanoverseasbuyertoasellertoinquireaboutthetermsofthesale.OffersDefinitionAnofferisagoodproposalthatismadetoaspecificindividualorentitytoenterintoacontract.Theproposalmustcontaindefinitetermsandmustindicatetheofferor’sintenttobeboundbyanacceptance.Thepartythatsendstheofferiscalledtheofferorandtheanotherpartythatreceivestheofferiscalledtheofferee.DefinitionofanofferAproposalforconcludingacontractaddressedtooneormorespecificpersonsconstitutesanofferifitissufficientlydefiniteandindicatestheintentionoftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance.(CISGArt14-1)CISG:UnitedNationsConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》WithdrawalofofferThewithdrawalofoffermeansthattheofferor,forsomereason,withdrawhisofferbeforeitreachestheoffereeorbeforeitbecomeseffective.Thismayhappenwhentheofferorfindsthattheofferhemakescontainssomemistake,orthatthesituationhaschangedwhichmakeshisofferunfavorabletohim.RevocationofofferTorevokeanoffermeansthatwhentheofferhasreachedtheofferee,ithasbecomeeffective,theofferoractstorevoketheofferthustokillitseffectiveness.TheConventionagreesinprinciplethatanofferisrevocablebeforethenoteofacceptanceisdispatchedbutprovidesthatonthefollowingtwooccasions,anofferisirrevocable.A.Itindicates,whetherbystatingafixedtimeorotherwise,thatitisirrevocable.B.ifitwasreasonablefortheoffereetorelyontheofferasbeingirrevocableandtheoffereehasactedinrelianceontheoffer.Terminationofoffer“Anoffer,evenifitisirrevocable,isterminatedwhenarejectionreachestheofferor”(CISGArt.17).OffersAccordingtodifferentcriteria,offerscanbeclassifiedintovariouskind:Sellingoffers—offersmadebythesellerBuyingoffers—offersmadebyabuyerFirmoffersorofferswithengagementIndefiniteoffersorofferswithoutengagementFirmoffersAfirmofferoranirrevocableofferoranofferfirm,isintendedtomakeacontractwiththeofferee.Thetermsorconditionsputforwardintheoffercannotberevokedoramendedwithoutconsentsfromtheotherparty.Onceitisunconditionallyacceptedbytheoffereewithinitsvalidity,thetransactioniscompletedandacontractisconcludedimmediately.Untilthistime,theofferhaslegallybindingforceonthebothparties.Suchofferusuallyhasphraseslike:“weofferfirm,orwemakeafirmofferforthefollowinggoods”.IndefiniteoffersAnindefiniteofferisnotbindingontheofferor,andisstatedunclear,incompleteandwithreservation.Someexpressionscanhelpthereadertoidentifythisnatureoftheoffer,suchas,referenceprice,subjecttoourfinalconfirmation,subjecttobeingunsold.Actually,quotationsheetsandpricelistscanserveasofferswithoutengagementbecausetheyonlyincludepartoftheterms,suchasdescriptions,specificationsandunitprices.Theydonotincludethosetermsaboutshipment,paymentetc.Counter-offersDefinitionAcounter-offerisareplytoanofferthatmateriallyaltersthetermsoftheoffer.Thepartywhohasreceivedtheofferisnotinapositiontofullyacceptthebusinesstermsoffered.Hemaymakeacounter-offer,inwhichsomealternationshavebeenmadeaboutthebusinesstradeterms,suchas,thepriceorothertermswiththepurposeofbargaining.Therearealsotwokindsofcounter-offer:onewithengagementandtheotheriswithoutengagement.Acceptance(Accept)DefinitionAnacceptanceisanunconditionalassenttoanoffer,oranassentconditionedonminorchangesthatdonotaffectmaterialtermsoftheoffer.Theacceptance,inpractice,servestoconcludethebusinesstransaction.Itmustbeabsoluteandunconditional,otherwise,itisnotanacceptancebutacounter-offer.Anacceptancemaybetenderedonlybythepersontowhomtheofferisdirected.Itisaregularpracticeininternationaltradethatawrittencontractisusuallysignedtobindboththesellerandthebuyer.Aformal