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语态时态主动形式被动形式一般式完成式(not)doing(not)beingdone(not)havingdone(not)havingbeendone二:V-ing可作主语、宾语、表语;定语、状语和宾语补足语，但不能单独作谓语。V-ing形式表示的动作与主要动词同时发生或发生在主要动词之后，用其一般式;V-ing形式表示的动作在主要动词之前发生，用其完成时，在具体应用中也常以一般式代替完成式。V-ing的用法：1.作主语★Swimmingisgoodforhealth.★___________(raise)yourhattoaaladyisgoodmanners.对一位女士脱帽致敬是礼貌的。★____________(kill)bysharksintheseaisacommonthing.RaisingBeingkilled2.作表语☆Teachingislearning.教学相长．☆Myhobbyis__________(make)modelplanes.☆Whatworriedthechildmostwas_________(not,allow)tovisithismotherinthehospital.makingnotbeingallowed注意：动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。如：Playingwithfireisdangerous.（泛指玩火）Toplaywithfirewillbedangerous.（指一具体动作）2).V-ing形式和不定式都要有对称性;当主语是不定式时，表语也用不定式；反之，当主语是V-ing形式时，表语也用V-ing形式。Toseeistobelieve.=Seeingisbelieving.注意3).It’snouse(good)doingsthIt’sawasteoftimedoingsthit作形式主语,只用V-ing,不用不定式。※Itis+adj.+(forsb)todosthItisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.覆水难收。Itisawasteoftime___________(talk)tohim.Itisimportantforme_______________(learn)English.talkingtolearn1._____theexamwilldisappointyourparents.A.YoufailingB.YourfailingC.YoufailD.Youtofail.2._____thesamemistakeagainmadehisparentsveryangry.A.HisbeingmadeB.HehasmadeC.HehadmakingD.Hismaking3.Idon'tthinkit'smuchgood_____tohim.A.writingB.towriteC.writeD.written4.Suchbooksarenotworthy_____atall.A.ofbeingreadB.beingreadC.readingD.toread5.Itisnouse________withoutthrough_________.A.toread;understoodB.reading;understandingC.toread;understandD.read;tounderstandExercises3.作宾语V-ing形式既可作动词的宾语,也可作介词的宾语。★Wewouldappreciatehearingfromyou．我们会珍惜你的来信。★Thebirdescaped______________(catch).★Ifeellike__________(join)thearmy.★Hewasafraidof____________(abandon)byus.beingabandonedbeingcaughtjoining注意：在avoid,admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,forgive,imagine,mind,miss,practise,risk,suggest,giveup,putoff,feellike,insiston,insteadof,lookforwardto,objectto,keepon等后只接V-ing形式作宾语。Exercises1.Thethiefenteredtheroomwithout_____.A.noticingB.beingnoticedC.havingnoticedD.havingbeennoticed2.Besides_____,sheiskindandtender.A.beautifulB.beingbeautifulC.shebeautifulD.isbeautiful3.Whenheheardthebignoise,Tomstopped_____and_____tothewindowtoseewhatwashappening.A.toread;wentB.reading;togoC.reading;goingD.reading;went4.Iambusy_____fortheentranceexamination,soIcan’thelp_____houseworkathome.A.preparing;doingB.preparing;todoC.toprepare;doingD.toprepare;todo注意①在want，need，require，deserve等动词之后作宾语时，常用动名词的主动式表示被动意义。Yourcarneedsfilling.你这车要充气了。Thiscitydeservesvisiting.这座城市值得光顾一下。Theproblemrequiresstudyingcarefully.这个问题需要认真研究。Thetreeswantwatering.这些树需要浇水了。②在（be）worth后面只能用动名词的主动态来表示被动意义。Hissuggestionisworthconsidering.Thebookisworthreading.③在allow，advise，forbid，permit等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：Wedon’tallowsmokinghere.Wedon’tallowstudentstosmoke.1.Sorry,wedon’tallow__________inthelectureroom.A.tosmokeB.smokeC.smokingD.tosmoking2..Theydon’tpermit__________noiseher.A.tomakeB.makeC.makingD.made3.Thesentencewants__________oncemore.A.toexplainB.explainingC.beingexplainedD.tobeexplainedit4.Thesquirrelwasluckythatitjustmissed__________.A.catchingB.tobecaughtC.beingcaughtD.tocatchExercises5.Alisaidthatshewouldn’tmind_________aloneathome.A.leftB.beingleftC.tobeleftD.leaving6.She__________thekey.A.admittedtakingB.admittedtakingC.admittedhavingtakenD.admittedtohavetaken7.—Didyouenjoyyourselflastnight?—It’sveryniceofyou.Iappreciated_____totheparty.A.tobeinvitedB.tohaveinvitedC.beinginvitedD.havingbeeninvited8.Whilewe’redevelopingagricultureandindustry,wemustpreventtheearth_____.A.frompollutingB.pollutedC.pollutingD.beingpolluted4.作定语＊Thegirlstandingthereismysister.＊Thisisapieceof__________(surprise)news.＊Theproblem____________(discuss)nowisveryimportant.＊Thefarmers____________(work)inthefieldsaretired.surprisingbeingdiscussedworking5.作状语◆Hearingthegoodnews,hejumpedwithjoy.◆Hesatatthetable,__________(read)ChinaDaily.◆______________(ask)toanswerthequestion,shecouldn’trefuse.◆__________(work)hard,youwillsucceed.readingWorkingBeingasked6.作宾语补足语:●Isawpeoplecomingandgoinginthestreet.●Iheardher___________(sing)asonginherroom.●You’llfindthetopic_____________(discuss)everywherenow.beingdiscussedsingingCompare!7.---Ving一般时和一般时的被动形式;1)Hehurriedhome,lookingbehindfromtimetotime.2)Thebuildingbeingrepairedisourdormitory.---Ving的完成时和完成时的被动形式1)Havinglitacandle,shewentout.2)Havingbeenaskedtostay,Icouldn’tleave.3)Havingheardthis,ourteacherexpressedhersatisfaction.Thinkandcompare!Thinkandcompare!8.在绝大数情况下，的逻辑主语是句子的主语，但有时前可有一个名词或代词表示视神经逻辑上的主语，这种带逻辑主语的称为独立结构。Themeetingbeingover,wealllefttheroomanddrovehome.会议结束后，我们都离开房间开车走了。Itbeingaholiday,alltheshopswereshut.由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。9.有少数并不表示句子主语的动作，而是表示说话人的态度。Generallyspeaking,thenovelisnotveryinspiring.总的来说，这部小说并不感人。Judgingfromwhatyousay,heoughttosucceed.从你说的情况看，他应能成功。Practice1.---WhatmadeBillsoangry?---___.Hisgirlfriendpromisedtocomeat8:30,butshehasn’tcomeyet.A.HavingkeptwaitingB.BeingkeptwaitingC.TobekeptwaitingD.BeingkeptwaitedB2.Thebuilding___inourschoolisforusteachers.Thoughthere’snoisemostoftheday,westillfeelhappyaboutit.A.bui