一、句子翻译1、Anurbanschoolmaycreateitsownenvironmentbyusingblankwallstosealoutthecitycompletely,andacountryschoolmaydevelopasanintegralpartofthelandscape,eventhoughschoolsfulfillthesamefunction.seal封装一个城市学校可能会通过使用围墙来完全封闭于城市之外,以营造自己的环境。而一个乡村学校也许会发展为景观的一个必需部分,尽管这些学校也能实现同样的功能。2、Thoughtherelatedarchitecturalformsshapedbytheirpurpose,governedbythematerialproportionedandgivenscaleandcharacterbythedesigner,buildingsbecomeexpressionsoftheidealsandaspirationsofthegenerationsthatbuiltthem.proportioned比例的尽管相关的建筑形式由目的定型,由设计者控制比例、规模及风格,建筑物成为了建造他们的一代人表达强烈情感的3、Woodenbeamsmayberelativelylongerthanstonebeams,andwoodenpostsslenderandwidelyspaced.Ahorizontalrectangle,widerthanitishigh,resultsfromthenaturalpropertiesofwood,asmayseeninJapanesearchitecture.slender苗条的微弱的horizontal水平的properties特性属性post柱木梁比石梁相对要长些,木柱比较细且间距宽。由于木材的天然性能,而形成了宽度大于高度的水平矩形建筑,就如在日式建筑中看到的那样。4、Stairsandabalustrademaygiveacluetothesizeofadoorway,thatinturn,totheheightcolonnade,andfinally,thecolonnadetothewholestructure.balustrade栏杆、扶手doorway门口、门道colonnade石柱廊、柱列楼梯和栏杆提示着门道的大小;门道又提示着柱廊的大小;柱廊最后又提示着整个结构物的大小。5、Civilengineersbuildroads,bridges,tunnels,dams,harbors,powerplants,waterandsewagesystems,hospitals,schools,masstransit,andotherpublicfacilitiesessentialtomodernsocietyandlargepopulationconcentrations.sewage污水土木工程师修建道路、桥梁、隧道、大坝、港口、发电站、水系统与污水系统、医院、学校、公共交通系统、以及现代化社会和大量人口集中处所必需的其他公共设施。6、Usingcomputers,structuralengineersdeterminetheforcesastructuremustresistitsownweight,windandhurricaneforces,temperaturechangesthatexpandorcontractconstructionmaterials,earthquakes.利用计算机,结构工程师计算一个结构所必须承受的力:建筑物自重,风力和飓风力,温度变化而引起的建筑材料胀缩应力,和地震作用。7、Engineeringmanagement.Manycivilengineerschoosecareersthateventuallyleadtomanagement.Othersareabletostarttheircareersinmanagementpositions.工程管理。许多土木工程师都选择最终通向管理的职业。其他人也可以从管理职位开始他们的事业。8、Thedesignofafoundationdependsonmanysoilfactors,suchastypeofsoil,soilstratification,thicknessofsoillayersandtheircompaction,andgroundwaterconditions.stratification层理性基础的设计取决于于许多土质因素,如土的类型,土壤的层理,土层的厚度和它的压缩性,以及地下水的状况。9、Tubeintubesystemconsistsofanouterframedtubeofverycloselyspacedcolumnsandaninteriorrigidshearwalltubeenclosingthecentralservicearea.筒中筒系统由柱距很小的外框架与围绕中心设备区的刚性剪力墙筒组成。10、Concreteconstructionconsistsofseveraloperations:forming,concreteproduction,placementandcuring.混凝土结构由一些操作组成:支模,混凝土浇捣,定位,养护。二、段落翻译1、Thepurposeofabuildingistoprovideashelterfortheperformanceofhumanactivities.Fromtimeofthecavedwellerstothepresent,oneofthefirstneedsofmanhasbeenashelterfromtheelements.Inamoregeneralsense,theartofbuildingencompassesallofman'seffortstocontrolitsenvironmentanddirectnaturalforcestohisownneeds.Thisartincludes,inadditiontobuilding,allthecivilengineeringstructuressuchasdams,canals,tunnels,aqueducts,andbridges.encompasses包围、完成建筑的目的就是为人们的活动提供躲避处。从穴居人时代到现在,人类的一大需求就是躲避处。从更一般意义上来讲,建筑艺术包括了人们控制环境和引导自然力满足需求的所有努力。这些艺术包括,大坝、运河、隧道、沟渠以及桥梁等。2、Theformofabuildingisanoutgrowthofitsfunction,itsenvironment,andvarioussocioeconomicfactors.Anapartmentbuilding,anofficebuilding,andaschooldifferinformbecauseofthedifferenceinthefunctionstheyfulfill.Inanapartmentbuildingeveryhabitablespace,suchaslivingroomsandbedrooms,musthavenaturallightfromwindowswhilebathroomsandkitchenscanhaveartificiallightandthereforecanbeintheinteriorofthebuilding.Thissetofrequirementsplacesanaturallimitonthedepthofanapartmentbuilding.Inofficebuildings,ontheotherhand,artificiallightisacceptedformoreuniformillumination,andthereforethedepthofsuchbuildingsisnotlimitedbyaneedfornaturallight.outgrowth自然结果interior内部建筑形式是它的功能、周边环境和各种相关因素的自然结果。公寓建筑、政府性建筑、学校建筑在形式上不同是因为它们要完成不同的功能。公寓建筑的客厅、卧室等居住性空间必须有透过窗户的自然光,而卫生间和厨房只需人造光,因而可以设在公寓内部。这种特定的需求对公寓建筑的深度形成了自然限制。在政府性建筑中,然而,人造光大多是可以接受的。因此,建筑的深度并不受自然光需求的限制。3、Finally,theformofabuildingisaffectedbyavarietyofsocioeconomicfactors,includinglandcosts,tenancy,buildingbudget,andzoningrestrictions.Highlandcostsinurbanareasresultinhighbuildings,whilelowlandcostsinthecountryresultinlowbuildings.Ahousingprojectfortherichwilltakeadifferentformthanalow-costhousingproject.Aprestigeofficebuildingwillbemoregenerouslybudgetedforthanotherofficebuildings.Thebulkofabuildinganditsoutlinemaybelimitedbyzoningrestrictions.Inalltheseexamples,buildingswithsimilarfunctionstakeondifferentforms.tenancy租赁prestige威信、威望bulk大块、体积最后,建筑形式受地价、租赁、建造预算和区域限制等各种相关因素的影响。城市中的高地价区域引发了高层建筑,而在低地价的乡村则是低层建筑。高预算的房建项目也采用与低造价房建项目不同的形式。权威性官方建筑相比其它类官方建筑有更慷慨的预算。建筑体量和轮廓也要受区域规划限制。所有的这些例子中,即使有着相似功能的建筑也呈现不同的形式。4、Thescientificbasisforthedesignofbuildingassheltersandforthedesignofcivilengineeringstructuresforotherpurposesisidentical.Itisonlyasaresultofthespecializedrequirementsofourmodernsocietythatthesetwofieldshavedevelopedalongseparatepaths.Inasimilarmanner,themasterbuilderconcernedwiththebuildingasashelterisnolongeranindividual;instead,hisworkisdonebyateamofseveralspecialists:theplanner,thearchitect,theengineer,andbuilder.Theexecutionofamodernbuildingdependsonthecollectivetalentsofthisteam.master优秀的collective集体的将建筑设计为躲避处和用于其他目地的土木结构设计都是相同的。由于现代社会特殊需求,这两个领域沿着不同的道路发展。相似的,优秀的建筑人视建筑为躲避处不再是单专业化的,相反,它的工作由业主方、建筑师,工程师、建筑工人等几种专业的小组来完成。现代建设的进行取决于这个小组的集体智慧。5、Ar