高三英语语法复习专题5

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高三英语语法复习专题(5)Unit5介词和连词一、考点聚焦1、介词的分类与语法功能(1)介词是虚词,不能单独作句子成分,必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语,在句中充当一个成分。介词分为:简单介词,如at、in、for等;合成介词,如within、inside、onto、througout等;短语介词,如accordingto、outof、becauseof、bymeansof、inspiteof、insteadof等。双重介词,如frombehind/above/under、untilafter等。分词介词,如considering、including、judging(from/by)等。常见的介词宾语:名词、代词、动名词、从句、不定式等。如:①Itisgoingtorainthisafternoonaccordingtotheweatherforecast.②Hequarrelledwithheryesterday.③Hesucceededinpassingthefinalexam.④I’mstillthinkingofhowIcanfulfilthetaskaheadoftime.⑤TheprofessorwillgiveusatalkonhowtostudyEnglishwell.(2)介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。如:①Thismachineisingoodcondition.(表语)②Whereisthekeytomybike?(定语)③Nothingintheworldcouldlivewithoutairorwater.(状语)④Shealwaysthinksherselfaboveothers.(宾补)2、介词搭配(1)“动词+介词”搭配:注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。①robsb.ofsth./cleartheroadofsnow(“夺去、除去”意义的动词与of连用)②supplyuswithfood/filltheglasswithwine(“供给”意义的动词与with连用)③makeadeskofwood/makebreadfromflour/makethematerialintoacoat(“制作、制造”意义与of、from、into连用)④介词+the+部位与动词的关系(=动词+sb.’s+部位,可换用)strikehimonthehead(“击,拍,碰,摸”意义与on连用)catchhimbythearm(“抓,拉,拿,扯”意义与by连用)hittheboyintheface(“肚,胸,眼,脸”等人体前部与in连用)⑤prevent(stop,keep)sb.fromdoingsth.(“阻止,禁止”意义与from连用)⑥persuade(advise,warn)sb.intodoingsth.(“说服,建议”意义与into连用)⑦buysb.forsth.(leave、get、win、gain、lose等“得失”意义与for连用)⑧tellsth.tosb.(show、teach、sing、write、read等“告知”意义与to连用)⑨givesth.tosb.(give、allow、promise、pass、hand等“授予”意义与to连用)注意:⑦⑧⑨可换成buysb.sth.双宾结构。⑩saytosb.(suggest、explain、apologize、murmur、whisper与“对象”连用必须用to)不可说suggestsb.sth.。同一动词与不同介词搭配意义不同。for(寻找)tosth.of(听说)on(拜访)lookto(眺望)agreewithsb.hearcallfor(需要)at(看)onsth.from(收到信)in(请)同一介词与不同动词搭配,意义各异。replytotheletter回信,sing(dance)tothemusic和……唱(跳),amountto达到,加起来有……,devoteto把……贡献给,drinkto为……干杯,objectto反对,lookforwardto渴望,cometo苏醒,belongto属于,searchfor搜……,ask…for…寻找,use…for用作,leavefor前往,take…for误以为,callof倡导,waitfor等待,carefor喜欢,makeupfor弥补损失,turnto求助(救)于,helponeselfto随意,agreeto同意,compare…to把……比作,sendfor派人去请(拿)……,sailfor驶向,航向,setoutfor动身去,goinfor爱好……。(2)常见“形容词+介词”搭配。of担心……about/atsth.afraidangryfor替……而担心withsb.forsth.渴望……differentfrom与……不同amxiousaboutsth./sb担心……differentto…不关心……of讨厌withsb.tiredstrictfrom/with因……疲倦insth.要求严格at擅长withsb.受……欢迎goodfor对……有益popularinsomeplace流行在……ofsb.todoso友好for…因……而流行with+名词或what从句pleasedhelpfulto对……有帮助at+抽象名词(听/看到……而高兴)tosb.为人所知knownfor因……而出名befamiliarwith熟悉as作为……出名befamiliarto为……熟知(悉)sorryfor…替……后悔disappointedatsth.失望from缺席richin富有……absentin离开此地去了……worthyof值得的,gladaboutsth.forsb.为某人某事高兴,farfrom离……远,gratefulforsth.tosb.为某事感激某人,freefrom没有……(免除……),proudof(takepridein)自豪,satisfiedwith(by)满意,sureof/about确信,fondof喜欢,fitfor适合,busywithsth.(indoingsth.)忙着干某事,fullof充满,readyfor准备,similarto相似,wrongwith不对;有毛病……(3)“名词+介词”要注意习惯搭配和意义区分。theabsenceofwater缺水thehopeofsuccess成功的希望haveachanceof(for)enteringcollege上大学的机会takeprideinthem为他们感到骄傲thekeytothequestion问题的答案amedicineforcough治咳嗽的药theticketfortomorrow明天的票inBeijing去了北京hisabesencefromBeijing不在北京tostudy学习方法thewayofstudyingmaths学习教学的方法3、核心介词用法归纳与辨析(1)表示时间的介词in的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内,如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in,如:inthe1990s,intheyear,inJanuary,in(the)winter/summer/fall/spring,inthefirstweekofMay。还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如:inawhile,innotime,inthedaytime,inashortwhile,intime,inthemorning(afternoon,evening)。但要注意:①atnight/atnoon,intheday(在白天),inthenight(大夜间)。②infivedays(weeks,months,years)中in意思是“在……以后”。③in和during表一段时间内两词可互用。如:inthenight,duringthenight,inthewar,duringthewar。但略有区别:当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during,接“活动”的动名词及短语时用in。如:duringthediscussionindiscussingtheproblemduringherstayinHubeiinplayingbasketballduringthecourseofindiggingthetunnel(2)在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用on。onSunday(s).onTuesdaymorningonChristmasDay(但atChrismas),onChristmasEve,onChildren’sDayonMarch8,onthemorning(afternoon,evening)ofOct.1earlyonthemorningofOct.1(区别:inthelate/earlymorningofOct.1)onarainynight,onwarmwinterdays(3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。atbreakfast(supper,lunch),atsixatnoon(sunrise,sunset,midday,night,midnight,dawn)attheageof15,atthetimeofwar,但intimeofdanger/trouble。注意:有些时间名词前不接介词。如:nextday、lastSunday、thatmorning、theseyearsone、each、any、every、some、all修饰时,一般不用介词,如somedayoneday、yesterday/afternoon,thenightbefore(4)till、until、to的用法。①till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中,与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。如:Hewaitedformetilltwelveo’clock.Hedidn’tgetuptill(until)10a.m.(不可用to).但注意:在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。如:Notuntil9a.m.didMr.Smithcomebacktoschool.②to表“终结”时常用和from连用,但要注意不与from连用时的意义。如:fromJulytoSeptember,fromsixto(till)eight(从……到……为止),但frommorningtillnight(从早到晚),不能用to。from…to常构成习惯搭配,不可换用其他介词。(A)表持久连续、传递、转移的含义。fromtimetotime(不时,有时),fromdaytoday(天天),fromhandtohand(不断传下去),fromplacetoplace(处处,到处),fromsidetoside(左右摇摆),fromdoortodoor(家家户户),fromhousetohouse(挨家挨户),fromshoptoshop(一个商店接一个商店)。(B)表起始终止的全过程或程度加深、状态变化。frombeginningtoend(从头到尾,自始至终)(fromthebeginningtotheendof…);fromhandtomouth(仅能糊口),frombadtoworse(越来越糟),fromheadtofoot(从头到脚),fromtoptobottom(整个地,彻底地),fromtoptotoe(全身),fromstarttofinish(自始至终,从头到尾)。(C)fromone+名词+toanother表示“依次”。如fromonecartoanother(顺着车厢依次地)。(D)名词+by+同一单数名词,表示“一个一个地”,要与from…to短语区别开:onebyone一个一个地;littlebylittle(bit)一点一点地;stepbystep一步一步地,逐渐地(但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