高三英语语法知识难点(二)

高三英语语法知识难点（二）（四）动词时态、语态I．要点1、一般现在时（1）表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态，常与sometimes,always,often,everyday等时间状语连用。如：Sometimes,wegoswimmingafterschool.（2）表示客观真理、科学事实等。如：Theearthgoesroundthesun.2、现在进行时(1)表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与now,atpresent等时间状语连用。如：Whatareyoudoingnow?(2)和always,continually等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。如：Heisalwaysdoinggooddeeds.3、现在完成时主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，常与just,already,sofar,once,never等词连用。如:HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?4、一般将来时表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow,nextyear等连用。如：I'llmeetyouattheschoolgatetomorrowmorning.We'regoingtoseeafilmnextMonday.5、一般过去时表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday,lastyear,in1998,amomentago等词连用。如：Ithappenedmanyyearsago.6、过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如：Whatwereyoudoingthistimeyesterday?7、过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如：Thetrainhadalreadyleftbeforewearrived.８、一般过去将来时表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如：Hesaidhewouldcome,buthedidn't.９、被动语态被动语态的时态，以give为例。时／式一般进行完成现在amisgivenamisbeinghasbeengivenarearehave过去wasgivenwerewasbeinggivenwerehadbeengiven将来shallbegivenwillshallhavebeengivenwill过去将来shouldbegivenwouldshouldhavebeengivenwouldII．例题例１Ilearnedthatherfather____in1950.AhaddiedBdiedCdeadDisdead解析：该题正确答案为Ｂ。从句中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语in1950,所以不用过去完成时态，而用一般过去时态。例２Thefive-year-oldgirl____byherparents.AislookedBhaslookedforCisbeinglookedforDhasbeenlooked解析：该题正确答案为Ｃ。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中，介词不能省，否则就变成了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被动语态的句子中。（五）动词虚拟语气I．要点表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。１、虚拟语气的构成情景条件从句的谓语动词主句的谓语动词与现在事实相反动词过去式（be要用were）should+动词原形would与过去事实相反had+过去分词should+have+过去分词would与将来事实相反１、动词过去时２、should+动词原形３、wereto+动词原形should＋动词原形would注：如果条件从句谓语动词包含有were或had,should,could有时可将if省去,但要倒装。如：Hadyou(Ifyouhad)invitedus,wewouldhavecometoyourparty.２、虚拟语气在各种从句的主应用（１）在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等，其谓语形式是should(可省)＋动词原形，常用于以下三种句型中。句型一：Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,etc)that…句型二：Itisapity(ashame,nowonder,etc)that…句型三：Itissuggested(requested,proposed,desired,etc)that…如：Itisstrangethathe(should)havedonethat.Itisapitythathe(should)besocareless.Itisrequestedthatwe(should)besocareless.（２）在宾语从句中用于suggest,propose,move,insist,desire,demand,request,order,command等动词后的宾语从句中，表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是(should)+动词原形。如：Isuggestthatwe(should)goswimming.（３）在表语从句中，表示间接的命令，要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是suggestion,proposal,request,orders,idea等。从句谓语形式是(should)＋动词原形。如：Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)leaveatonce.（４）在同位语从句中，谓语形式是(should)＋动词原形。如：Wereceivedorderthattheworkbedoneatonce.（５）在Itistimethat…句型中，其谓语动词形式是动词的过去式或should＋动词原形,should不可省。如：It'stime(that)wewent(orshouldgo)toschool.II．例题例１Wehadhopedthathe____longer.AstaysBshouldstayCstayedDwouldstay解析：该题正确答案为Ｄ。hadhoped表示本希望，同样用法的动词还有think,expect等，后面的句子需用虚拟语气例２Marywantstoseeyoutoday.Iwouldrathershe____tomorrowthantoday.AcomesBcameCshouldcomeDwillcome解析：该题正确答案为Ｂ。wouldrather后面的从句需用虚拟语气，用动词过去时表示。例３Hadshebeenolder,she____itbetter.AhaddoneBmighthavedoneCmightdoDwoulddo解析：Hadshebeenolder=Ifshehadbeenold.故该题正确答案为Ｂ。（六）短语动词I．要点英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种：（１）动词＋介词常见的有lookfor,lookafter,sendfor,careabout,askfor,laughat,hearof(from),addto,leadto等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：Don'tlaughatothers.Ididn'tcareaboutit.（２）动词＋副词常见的有giveup,pickup,thinkover,findout,handin,pointout等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：You'llhandinyourhomeworktomorrow.Pleasedon'tforgettohanditin.（３）动词＋副词＋介词常见的有lookdownupon,goonwith,breakawayfrom,addupto,catchupwith等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：Allhismoneyaddeduptonomorethan$100.Afterashortrest,hewentonwithhisresearchwork.（４）动词＋名词＋介词常见的有takecareof,makeuseof,payattentionto,makefunof等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：Youshouldpayattentiontoyourhandwriting.Weshouldmakefulluseofourtime.（５）动词＋形容词常见的有leaveopen,setfree,cutopen等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如：Theprisonersweresetfree.Hecutitopen.（６）动词＋名词常见的有takeplace,makefriends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如：Thisstorytookplacethreeyearsago.Imakefriendswithalotofpeople.（7）辨析giveaway(让给，暴露)和giveup（放弃，停止）putaway（放起，收起）和putout（扑灭）turnup（出席，放大）和turnon（打开）keepout（阻止）和keepoff（不让靠近）makeup（编造，补上）和makeout（辨认）takeoff（脱，起飞）和takeout（拿出）II．例题例１Itiswisetohavesomemoney____foroldage.AputawayBkeptupCgivenawayDlaidup解析：该题正确答案为Ａ。意为存；keepup意为继续；giveaway意为分发；layup贮藏。例２Here'smycard.Let'skeepin____.AtouchBrelationCconnectionDfriendship解析：该题正确答案为A.keepintouch为短语动词，意为保持联系。例３____!There'satraincoming.ALookoutBLookaroundCLookforwardDLookon解析：该题选A.lookout意为小心。（七）动词不定式I．要点１、不定式的形式。以动词write为例。式｜态主动语态被动语态一般式towritetobewritten完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten进行式tobewriting完成进行式tohavebeenwriting２、不定式的句法功能（１）作主语Tohearfromyouisnice.Tobeagoodteacherisnoteasy.不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而不定式置于谓语动词后。如：It'snicetohearfromyou.It'snoteasytobeagoodteacher.（２）作宾语通常用于want,hope,wish,like,need,hate,begin,start,remember,agree,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help等词后。如：Iforgottolockthedoor.Pleaseremembertowritetome.（３）作表语Myjobistopickupletters.Heseemedtohaveheardnothing.（４）作定语不定式作定语时，须放在它所修饰的名词或代词后。如：Ihavetwoletterstowrite.Ihavealotofworktodo.（５）作宾补通常用于want,wish,ask,order,tell,know,help,advise,allow,cause,force等词后。如：Heorderedhertoleaveat