高三英语语法知识难点(三)

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高三英语语法知识难点(三)年级:高三科目:英语编稿:李俊和审稿:李俊和责编:张晓俊(十)情态动词与助动词I.要点助动词本身无意义,在句中帮助主要动词构成一定的时态,语态、语气,或是帮助构成否定句和疑问句,常用的助动词有be,do,have,shall(should),will(would).情态动词表一定的词义,本身并不表示动作或状态,而仅仅表达说话人的态度,它在句中须和主要动词一起构成谓语,主要的情态动词有can(could),may(might),must,haveto,oughtto,need,dare,shall,should,will,would.1、can能,可以,表说话人同意,许可还可表客观条件许可,如:Youcangonow.提建议或请求时可用canI,canyou表客气,如CanIbuyyouadrink?can和beableto表能力时的区别。can表一般具有的能力,beableto表在特定条件下的能力,如:Althoughthedriverwasbadlyhurt,hewasabletoexplainwhathadhappened.2、may(1)、可以,表说话人同意,许可或请求对方许可。Youmaygo.(2)、(现在和将来)可能,也许,只用于肯定句和否定句中,如Hemaynotberight.3、must,havetomust表主观上的必须,haveto表客观上的必须,如:It'sgettinglate.Ihavetogo.-MustIgonow.-Yes,youmust.(No,youneedn't./No,youdon'thaveto.)4、need,dare这二词有实意动词和情态动词两种词性,如用作实意动词后接动词不定式todo,如用作情态动词后接动词原形。NeedIgonow?--Yes,youmust./No,youneedn't.)5、shall用于第一人称疑问句中表说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请求,如,Shallwebeginourlesson?用于二、三人称陈述句,表说话人命令、警告、允诺、威胁等口吻,如:Youshallfailifyoudon'tworkharder.6、should表应该,意为有责任,有义务。如:Weshouldtryourbesttomakeourcountrymorebeautiful.7、will表有做某事的意志、意愿、安心、打算,如Willyoulendmeyourbook?Yes,Iwill.,8、shouldhavedone表应该做而未做musthavedone表对过去事实的肯定推测couldhavedone表本可以做某事9、判断句:肯定句用must,否定句用can't,不太肯定用may,mightHemustbeintheofficenow.Hemusthavegonetobed,forthelightisout.Hecan'tbeintheoffice.Heisathome.Hecouldn'thavecleanedtheclassroom,becausehedidn'tcomeheretoday.Hemightbeintheoffice,Iamnotsure.Hemighthavecleanedtheroom,Isuppose.II.例题例1,Theytowalkinthestreetatmight.A.didn'tdareB.notdaredC.notdareD.darednot解析,该题答案为A,此空需选一动词作谓语,因为后面是towalk,didn'tdare是行为动词dare过去时态的否定形式。例2,Whenhewasveryold,Mr.Smithsitforhourswithoutsayingaword.A.wouldB.shouldC.mustD.used解析,该题答案为A,would此处表过去的倾向性,习惯性动作,意为总是如:Whenwewerechildren,wewouldgoswimmingeverysummer.(十一)句子种类I.要点句子按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句;按结构又分为简单句、并列句和复合句。1、陈述句的否定(1)在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中,当主句的谓语动词是think,expect,believe,suppose,guess,fancy,imagine等时,宾语从句谓语的否定习惯上要移到主句谓语上,如:Idon'tthinkheisright.(2)含有否定意义的副词never,seldom,hardly,scarcely,rarely,barely的句子应视为否定句,如:Ihaveneverbeentherebefore.2、反意疑问句(1)need和dare既可作情态动词,又可作实意动词,在反问部分须加以区别,如Weneedn'tleave,needwe?Wedon'tneedtoleave,dowe?(2)陈述部分出现否定意义的副词或代词如never,seldom,few,hardly,little等时,反问部分须用肯定形式如:Heseldomcomes,doeshe?(3)陈述部分用不定代词作主语时,反问部分的主语用it,如:Nothingcanstopme,canit?陈述部分用everybody,everyone,somebody,someone,等作主语时,反问部分常用it,有时也用they,如:Everybodyknowsthat,don'tthey?(4)陈述部分包括usedto时,反问部分可有两种形式,如:Youusedtogetupearly,usedn't(didn't)you?(5)陈述部分是there+be结构时,反问部分用there,如:There'ssomethingwrongwithyou,isn'tthere?(6)陈述部分是含有宾语从句的主从复合句时,反问部分的主语和谓语应和主句保持一致,如:Henevertoldotherswhathethought,didhe?但,如果是Ithink,Ibelieve等+宾语从句时,反问部分须和从句的动词保持一致,如,Idon'tthinkheisright,ishe?Idon'tbelievehedoesthat,doeshe?3、感叹句用what或how,Whatabeautifulparkitis.Howbeautifulaparkitis.Howbeautifultheparkis.Howweworked!4、祈使句Takecare!Don'tstandthere.Pleaseopenthedoorfortheoldlady.II.例题例1,Don'tforgettoposttheletter,?A.willyouB.doyouC.won'tyouD.shallyou解析:该题答案为A,在否定句、祈使句后只用willyou?,但肯定的祈使句后可用如,Waitforme,will(won't,can,can't,could)you?例2,Let'sgooutforawalk,?A.willyouB.won'tyouC.shallweD.dowe解析:该题答案为C,let's…后加上shallwe来表语气婉转、客气,而在letus后加上willyou。例3,Hehardlywritestoyou,?A.doesn'theB.doesheC.dotheyD.hashe解析:该题答案为B,hardly否定副词,反问部分要用肯定形式。(十二)各种从句I.要点根据从句在句中的句法功能,从句可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。1、名词性从句(1)主语从句Whathewantsisapieceofpaper.Itisbelievedthathecansolvetheproblem.注:主语从句的谓语动词用单数。(2)宾语从句Idon'tknowhowtosolvetheproblem.Doyouknowwherehelives?(3)表语从句Theproblemiswhocanhelpme.ThisiswhyIcamehere.(4)同位语从句Ihavenoideawherehewent.Iheardthenewsthathewouldcome.同位语从句用that引导,常跟在fact,idea,news,promise,thought,message,hope,belief,doubt等词后,that在从句中不作任何成分。2、定语从句在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词,或修饰整个主句的从句叫做定语从句,引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that,as,和关系副词when,where,why。(1)that指物时一般可与which互换,但在下列情况下,要用that而不用which。a.先行词有all,everything等不定代词时,如,Everything(that)hedidiswrong.b.先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等修饰时,如,I'llreadallthebooks(that)youlendme.c.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,Thisisthefirstletter(that)theboyhaswritten.d.先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时,如Heistheveryman(that)I'mlookingfor.e.只用which的情况在介词后或在非限定性定语从句中Thisisthebookaboutwhichwehavetalkedalot.Thebook,whichhegavemeyesterday,isveryinteresting.f.where和when作关系副词ThisistheroomwhereIworked.ThisistheroomwhichIstayedin.Irememberedthedaywhenwelivedthere.IrememberedthedaythatIspentthere.g.as和whichas可以放于句首,而which不可以Asyouknow,heisgoodatEnglish.h.threeofthem和threeofwhichIhavealotofbooks,threeofwhichareinRussian.IhavealotofbooksandthreeofthemareinRussian.3、状语从句在复合句中起状语作用的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、目的状语、结果状语、条件状语、行为方式状语、比较状语、让步状语等多种。II.例题例1、Iacceptthegiftorrefuseitisnoneofyourbusiness.A.IfB.WhetherC.EvenifD.Nomatterwhen解析:该题答案为B。whether可以和or连用,if不可以,此外if一般仅用于宾语从句。例2、Thewaythesecomradeslookatproblemsiswrong.A.whereB.inthatC.XD.withwhich解析:该题答案为C,先行词是way,定语从句中用that或inwhich来引导或不填。例3,____alongtimesinceIsawyoulasttime.A.ItwasB.ItisC.IthadbeenD.Itcanbe解析:该题答案为B,Itis+时间数+since引导的从句是一个句型,意为从…时候以来过了多久了。(十三)主谓一致I.要点谓语受主语支配,须和主语在人称和数上保持一致,这叫做主谓一致,主谓一致包括语法一致、意义上一致和就近一致。1、语法上一致(1)、以单数名词或代词,动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词要用单数,主语为复数时,谓语用复数,如,Toworkhardisnecessaryforastudent.(2)、用and或b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