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定语从句全掌握Ⅰ.概念：(1)定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。(2)先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。(3)引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词的作用：1)引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；2)必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语）常用的关系代词:that（在从句中作主语，宾语，表语；可指人或物）,which（在从句中作主语，宾语，表语或定语；只可指物）,who（主格，在从句中作主语，在口语或非正式用法中作宾语；只可指人），whom（宾格，在从句中作宾语；只可指人），whose（属格，在从句中作定语，可指人或物）,as(在从句中作主语，宾语，表语;可指人或物,通常指代事);but(文语,置于否定词之后=that/who…not…,没有……不……,在从句中作主语，宾语)常用的关系副词（在从句中只作状语）:when(时间状语),why（原因状语）,where（地点状语）,how（方式状语）(4)句子成分：主语---谓语动词前;宾语-介宾或及物动词的宾语；表语-be动词后或系动词后；状语-时间状语、地点状语、原因状语，etc.例如:1.ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.(Who做关系代词引导定语从句,修饰先行词student,who在从句中用作主语.)2.Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.(Why做关系副词,修饰先行词reason,why在从句中作原因状语.)3.Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.(Whom做关系代词,修饰先行词boy,whom在从句中作宾语.)4.I'dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.(Whose做关系代词,修饰先行词room,whose在从句中用作定语,可代之以ofwhich)定语从句三步：第一找出先行词；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的关系词。Ⅱ.几个关系代词的基本用法：一、that:可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。(指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语)如：1.Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.(主语)2.Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?3.Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.（宾语）4.Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?5.Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.6.She'snolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobebefore.（表语）7.Ourhometownisnolongertheone(that)itusedtobe.=Ourhometownisnotthesameasitusedtobe.=Ourhometownisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe.=Ourhometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.二、which:指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。如：1.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.（主语）2.Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.（宾语）3.Thefactoryinwhichhisfatherworksisfarfromhere.4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.（表语）5.Tomspentfouryearsincollege,duringwhichtimehelearnedFrench.（定语）6.Hemaybelate,inwhichcaseweoughttowaitforhim.三、who,whom,whose:who:主格,在从句中作主语，在口语或非正式用法中作宾语;只可指人whom:宾格，在从句中作宾语;只可指人whose:属格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物。1.Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.（主语）2.Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.(代词如he,they,any,those,all,one等后多用who.)3.Chaplin,forwhomlifehadoncebeenveryhard,wasasuccessasanactor.（宾语）4.He'samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.=He'saman(whom/who/that)weshouldlearnfrom.比较：Heisthestudentwhomyouthinktobeworthyofyourpraise.Heisthestudentwhoyouthinkisworthpraising.5.Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.（指人）I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.（指物）=I'dlikearoomofwhichthewindowfacessouth.=I'dlikearoomthewindowofwhichfacessouth.ThereisateapotshapedlikeaChineseduck,outofwhosemouthteaissupposedtocome关系代词作介词宾语:关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时,介词可放于从句之首,也可放于从句之末.但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时,介词必须放在句末.）如:1.Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.2.DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands？=Doyouknowtheperson(whom/who/that)Ishookhandswith?3.Thebeginningofagriculturewasabigstepinhumanprogresswithwhichnothingcouldcompareuntilourinformationage.4.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.Isthisthefactorytowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?Isthisfactorytheonetowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?5.Thisisthegirlwhomtheyarelookingafter.(介词after与look构成固定词组，不可前置。再如：lookat,lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等)四、as的用法:(as引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)(1)如为限制性的，多用于thesame…as;thesameas；such…as…;asmany/muchas；so…as等结构中。如：1.Ihavethesamebookasyou(have).我有一本和你的一样的书。Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalwaysbeen.(关系代词as和指示代词same连用,在从句中用作表语,先行词是same.)2.---Whydidn'tyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejustnow?---Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardlyworthmentioning.Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodowithourowninterests.Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.比较：Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.I'mwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.比较：Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.（定语从句）Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.（结果状语从句）(2)如为非限制性的，多单独引导一个定语从句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为正如，这一点。（动词常为know,see,expect,pointout,etc.）1.Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作宾语)=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.（as作主语）=It'sknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth.或:Smokingisharmfultoone'shealth,asweallknow.（as作宾语）或:Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.2.Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.(宾语,先行词是前面整个句子)五、but的用法:but用作关系代词,其意思相当于who/that…not…,没有……不……,如：1.Thereisnotoneofusbutwishestohelpyou.2.Thereisnotreebutbearssomefruit.3.Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.Ⅲ.关系副词引导的定语从句:When指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词（如：time,day,week,tear,month,etc.）1.HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.2.Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.注意：先行词为时间名词，可用when引导定语从句，when在定语从句中作状语；还可以用which或that引导，which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。比较:1.Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.（作状语）Nextmonth,whenyouwillbeinyourhometown,isjustaroundthecorner.2.Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.（作宾语）Nextwinterwhich/thatyou'llspendinHarbin,I'msure,willbeexciting.3.IshallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhouⅤwaslaunched,whichhasagreateffectonmylife.Thereareoccasionswhenjokingisnotpermissible.Where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词，如：place,school,factory,r