高一英语语法复习专题(12)Unit12定语从句一、考点聚焦1、功能:相当于形容词,修饰名词或代词,在句中作定语2、位置:定语从句置于被修饰词之后Thosewhoarewillingtoattendtheparty,signhereplease.3、先行词:被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词(1)先行词一般是名词和不定代词,如:some-,any-,every-和no与-boy,-thing的合成词;或all、none、any、some、that、those等代词。数词也可以作先行词,人称代词也同样可作先行词。(2)先行词与关系词是等量关系。必须注意两点:①先行词在从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。Thisistheplacewhichisworthvisiting.②关系词在从句句子中充当了成分,其意思就是先行词的意义,所以在从句中不能重复其意。Therearemanyplaceswecanvisit(them)inChina.4、关系词:引导定语从句的都称关系词关系代词:who,whom,which,that,whose,as。关系副词:when,where,why。that偶尔也作关系副词。5、确定关系词的步骤(1)先找关系词,看先行词指的是什么。(2)看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。6、在定语从句中,当先行词指物时,下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which(1)先行词被①形容词最高级②序数词③数词几种词修饰或被④only、any、few、little、no、all、oneof等修饰时。(2)先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代词时。(3)先行词中既有人又有物时。Hewaslookingpleasantlyattechildrenandparcelsthatfilledhisbus.(4)先行词在主句中作表语关系词在从句中作表语时。Thevillageisnolongertheonethatwas5yearsago.(5)当主句中含有疑问词which时。Whicharethebooksthatyouboughtforme?7、宜用which而不用that的情况(1)在非限制性定语从句中(2)在关系词前有介词时(3)当先行词本身是that时(4)当关系词离先行词较远时8、关系词who与that指人时,也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词(1)当主句是therebe句型时,关系词用who。(2)先行词是为anyone、those、someone、everyone、one等词时,关系词用who。(3)当主句是who作疑问词时,关系词用that。Whoisthatgirlthatisstandingbythewindow?(4)whom在从句中只作宾语,可被who取代。9、whose作关系词既指人又指物,在从句中作定语。如:DoyouknowMr.Smithwhosestoryisverymoving?Thereisaroom,whosewindowfacestheriver.Thereisaroom,thewindowofwhichfacestheriver.10、关系代词as,在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。(1)先行词被such和thesame修饰,或句型asmany(much)中,从句都用as引导。Suchbooksasyouboughtareuseful.Theschoolisjustthesameasitwas10yearsage.注意:区别①such…that…引导的结果状语从句。Theyaresuchlovelychildrenthatwelovethemmuch.②thesame…that…引导定语从句。Iwanttousethesametoolthatyouusedjustnow.(2)无先行词的定语从句用as和which引导。区别:①意义上:as含有“这点正如……一样”。②位置上:as从句可置句首,也可在另处。Hedidn’tpasstheexam,aswehadexpected.Thereislotsofairinloosesnow,whichcankeepthecoldout.Asisknown,theearthisround,notflat.11、关系副词when与where、why、thatwhen指时间=in/at/on/duringwhichwhere指地点=in/at/from/whichwhy指原因=forwhich当先行词为way、day、reason、time时,可用that作关系副词。(非正式场合)Idon’tlikethewaythat/inwhich/hetalks.当time作先行词时,关系词可以省掉。ThisisthefirsttimeIhavegivenyoualessoninFrench.12、必须注意的问题(1)关系词作主语时,从句中谓语的数。(2)注意区别定语从句与强调句。①定语从句中关系词作从句成分,复合句。②强调it无意义,that/who不是引导词。③强调itis/was和that/who后如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句,讲不通则不是。Itisthemuseumthat/whichwevisitedlastyear.(定语从句)Itwasinthehotelthatwestayedlastnight.(强调句)(3)定语从句与同位语从句的区别。①定语从句引导词被称为关系词,that充当主语、宾语、表语。有时可省略。②同位语从句引导词被叫做连词,that不能充当任何成分,不可省。Wordcamethattheirarmywasdefeated.(同位语)Weexpressedtothemourwishthatwasthesameastheir.(定语)(4)关系词在从句中省略的情况。①关系词作宾语,前无介词时。②关系词作表语。(5)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的翻译。(6)关系词前有介词或复杂介词,关系词只能是which和whom。(7)几个特殊的定语从句句型:①Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohasgotverygoodmarksinthematch.(句中one为先行词)Heisoneofthestudentswhohavegotgoodmarksinthematch.(句中students为先行词)②Isthisplacetheone(that)wevisitedyesterday?Isthistheplace(that/which)wevisitedyesterday?③Hestoodatthewindow,fromwherehecouldseewhatwashappening.④Itmayrain,inwhichcasethematchwillbeputoff.二、精典名题导解选择填空1.Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome_________Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfarawayvillage.(NMET2001)A.untilB.thatC.whenD.where解析:答案为C。本题考查分隔定语从句的关系词的选择。作好本题的关键是要能辨认出该定语从句的先行词thehours和关系词被介词短语tome所分隔。定语从句的先行词是表时间的名词hours,并且关系词在从句中用作状语,故应选择表示时间的关系副词when。2.___________isknowntoeverybody,thenoontravelsaroundtheearthonceeverymonth.(NMET2001)A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What解析:答案为B。本题考查as引导的非限制定语从句。as作“正如……”解时,引导的非限制性定语从句来修饰整个句子。当as在从句中作主语时,常用于下列短语:asisknown、asissaid、asisreported、asisannounced等。要注意掌握作关系代词引导定语从句的用法。3.AfterlivinginPairsforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltown___________hegrewupasachild.(NMET1996)A.whichB.whereC.thatD.when解析:答案为B。本题考查限制性定语从句中关系词的选择。定语从句的先行词是表示地点的名词短语thesmalltown,且关系词不作定语从句中的主语和宾语而作地点状语,因此定语从句必须用关系副词where引导。要注意分清先行词在从句中充当的成分,然后选择适当的关系词。