一种改进的无线传感器网络能量感知分布式分簇协议(IJCNIS-V8-N6-4)

I.J.ComputerNetworkandInformationSecurity,2016,6,29-37PublishedOnlineJune2016inMECS()DOI:10.5815/ijcnis.2016.06.04Copyright©2016MECSI.J.ComputerNetworkandInformationSecurity,2016,6,29-37AnImprovedEnergyAwareDistributedClusteringProtocolforWirelessSensorNetworksVrindaGuptaDepartmentofElectronicsandCommunicationEngineering,NationalInstituteofTechnology,Kurukshetra,Haryana-136119,IndiaE-mail:[e-mail]ofElectronicsandCommunicationEngineering,NationalInstituteofTechnology,Kurukshetra,Haryana-136119,IndiaE-mail:[e-mail]—Thepresentworkconsidersenergyawaredistributedclusteringprotocol(EADC)whichiscommonlyemployedforbalancingtheenergyconsumptioninnon-uniformlydeployedsensornetworks.IntheEADC,residualenergyisconsideredastheprimaryclusteringparameterandtheclustersareconstructedusinguniformcompetitionradius.Howeverinnon-uniformnodedistributionscenarios,moreenergyimbalanceoccursinthenetworkduetovariationinintra-clusterenergyconsumption.Forcounterbalancingit,aninter-clusterenergy-efficientmulti-hoproutingprotocolisutilized.IntheEADCprotocol,clusterheadsselecttherelaynodebasedonresidualenergyandclustermembercountinformation.Butthisapproachislessefficientinenergybalancing.Inthispaper,animprovedenergyawaredistributedequalclusteringprotocolisprojected.Ourschemeconsiderstherelaymetricdirectlyintermsofenergyexpenseinrelayingthesenseddatatothebasestationtakingintoaccountnotonlytheresidualenergyandmembercountinformationbutalsodistanceinformation.Itprovidesbetterbalancingofenergyincomparisonwiththeexistingapproach.ThreedifferentscenarioscreatedbyvaryingnodedistributionareusedforevaluatingtheperformanceoftheproposedprotocolandcomparisonismadewiththeEADCprotocol.Theresultsshowthattheproposedschemeextendsnetworklifetimeinallthescenarios.IndexTerms—Clustering,EADC,Multi-hoprouting,Networklifetime,Wirelesssensornetworks.I.INTRODUCTIONWirelesssensornetworksusuallyaredesignedforharshenvironmentapplicationswherehumaninterventionisnotpossiblesuchasforestfire,wildlifemonitoring,tunnels,bridges,coalminesetc.tonameafew.Suchdatagatheringapplicationsrequiresensorstobedeployedinlargenumbersandthedatatobesensedfromalllocations.However,thesesensornodesareenergylimited.Inmanyapplicationsthebasestation(BS)isusuallyplacedfarawayfromthesensingfieldandthedataisgatheredperiodicallybytheBS.Inordertoaddresstheenergyconstraint,largeamountofresearchworkhasbeencarriedoutinthelastdecade[1-3].Forsuchcontinuousmonitoringnetworks,clusteringwithhierarchicaltopologyissuccessful[4-7].Itisexhibitedthatclusteringthenetworkoffersgreaterlifespanwithanincreaseofabout2-3timesthanthenetworkwithdirectdatatransmission[8].Therearemanyotheradvantagesofusingclusteringprotocolsindata-gatheringnetworks.Asdensenetworksinvolvelargevolumeoftrafficamongthesensors,itleadstointerferenceproblems.Insuchscenarios,groupingthesensorsisextremelybeneficial.Further,itminimizesthenumberoflongdistancetransmissionsandresultsintosavingoftheenergy.Inclustering,clusterheads(CHs)coordinatetheactivitiesofitsmembernodesandthenormalsensornodes(clustermembers)remaininsleepmode,whichfurtherleadstoenergysaving[9].ThisispossiblebecauseCHsexecuteTDMAschedulingforitsmembernodes[7,10].Alsoclusteringfacilitatesdataaggregationatclusterhead.Therebythenumberofdatatransmissionsfurtherminimizes,andthenetworklifetimeprolongs[9].Thedatatransmissioninclusteringprotocolsoccursintwosteps,oneiswithintheclustersi.e.intra-clusterandanotherisbetweentheclustersandtheBSi.e.inter-cluster.Inaddition,thecommunicationinawirelesssensornetworkclusteringprotocolcanbetakenupeitherbyemployingdirecttransmissionthroughsinglehop,orusingmulti-hoprouting[11,12].Fordatatransmissionswithintheclusteri.e.frommembernodestoCH,mostoftheclusteringprotocolsusesinglehopcommunication,asthetransmissiondistanceisrelativelyshorte.g.LEACH[7],LEACH-DT[10],HEED[13]etc.Multi-hopcommunicationbetweenthesensornodesandtheclusterheadispromotedwhenthepropagationlossexponentishighasinbuildings,factories,ordensevegetationregions[1].Directtransmissionalsohasitsbenefitsinsavingofenergyastheradiodissipatesenergyinnotonlytransmissionbutalsoinreception.Butitisusedonlywhenthetransmissiondistanceiswithincertainthreshold30AnImprovedEnergyAwareDistributedClusteringProtocolforWirelessSensorNetworksCopyright©2016MECSI.J.ComputerNetworkandInformationSecurity,2016,6,29-37distanceonly[14].Thisis,becausetheenergyexpenseincreasesaccordingtothefourthpowerofthedistance[10,15].Therearenumberofclusteringprotocolsdevelopedwhichproposemulti-hopcommunicationforachievingmoreenergy-efficientinter-clustercommunicationviz.Multi-hopLEACH[16],EADC[17],EDUC[18].Manyresearchworkshasdefinedthenetworklifetimetobewhenfirstnodeisdead(FND).Theideabehindthisassumptionisthatitisimportantthatallthenodesofthenetworkdieoutapproximatelyatthesametimeinordertoavoidearlylossofsensingcoverage,andlikelypartitioningofthenetwork[7,10,13].But,asthelifetimerequirementisapplication-specific,consideringfirstnodedeadasthelifetimedefinit