无线传感器网络分布式监测：多智能体方法(IJCNIS-V6-N10-2)

I.J.ComputerNetworkandInformationSecurity,2014,10,13-23PublishedOnlineSeptember2014inMECS()DOI:10.5815/ijcnis.2014.10.02Copyright©2014MECSI.J.ComputerNetworkandInformationSecurity,2014,10,13-23DistributedMonitoringforWirelessSensorNetworks:aMulti-AgentApproachBecharRachidUniversityofOranEs-senia,DepartmentofComputerScience,Oran,31000,AlgeriaE-mail:[e-mail]fOranEs-senia,DepartmentofComputerScience,Oran,31000,AlgeriaE-mail:[e-mail]—Inthispaper,wewillpresentastateoftheartinusingmulti-agenttechnologyforwirelesssensornetworkswherethemaingoalistheconceptionofsoftwarearchitectureandthenetworkorganizationdedicatedtooptimization,performanceanalysis,andmonitoring.Thenweexploreinparticular,theissuesoftopologycontrolandworksinthisfieldandtheuseofmulti-agentsystems.Finallywewillproposeanagentbasedalgorithmforfaulttoleranceandtopologycontrolinawirelesssensornetwork.Ourproposalconsiststoembedanagentateachnodethatisresponsibleforselectingitsparentnodeorthenexthoptothesinkwhentransferringpackets.Theprocessofparentchangeisbasedonthecomputationofafaulttolerancedegreewhichiscalculatedperiodicallybytheagentincooperationwithneighboringnodes,inadditiontootherparameterssuchasthenumberofhops,theenergyandthequalityoflink.SimulationresultsshowthatthismethodofchangingparentallowsafaulttolerantnetworkwithenhancedlifetimecomparedwiththecollecttreeprotocolCTPusedfordatagatheringinawirelesssensornetwork.IndexTerms—Wirelesssensornetworks,multi-agentsystems,monitoring,topology.I.INTRODUCTIONTheadhocnatureofwirelesssensornetworks(WSN)[1],itscostwhichiscontinuouslydecreasingandtheeasydeploymentareamongfactorsthathavecontributedtoincreasingapplicationsexploitingthistechnology.ResearchinthisdomainisactiveasWSNsalsoposeproblemsimplicatingseveraldisciplinestosolvethem.Inadditiontotheusualproblemsstudiedincomputernetworks(wiredandwirelessnetworks)generallyinterestedinrouting,localization,transfer,control,surveillanceandsecurity,WSNshavetheproblemofenergyconsumptiontobeoptimizedinordertohavereliableandfaulttolerantnetworkswithareductionofenergyconsumptionandacertainqualityofservice.Themulti-agentsystems(MAS)[2]haveaprinciplethatcanbeeasilyadaptedandintegratedincomplexsystemsduetotheirfullydecentralizedapproach.Theyarespeciallyusedtomodelphenomenawhereglobalbehavioremergesfromthelocalbehaviorofsystementitiesand/orcomponents.Thesecomponentshavetheabilitytopercept,process,actandreactintheirenvironment.Thecomplexityofwirelesssensornetworksstructureandthedistributedprocessingcapacity,whenthenumberofnodesincreases,conductusthinkingtoexploitdevelopmentsmadeinmulti-agentsystemsfieldtoimprovenetworksperformancesandsimplifytheirdesign.Indeed,recenttrendstowardthisintegrationofmulti-agentapproachesinWSNtechnologyareintroducedinmanylevelsandoperatingaspects.Sowefindworksthatproposesoftwarearchitecturesforapplicationsandservices[3,4,5,6,7].Othersareinterestedinnetworkorganizationandcooperationbetweennodes[1,8,9,10]thatclusteringhasadominantpreoccupationforthiscategory.AlotofworksbasedonagentstreatroutingproblemsinWSNwithdifferentapplicationssuchasin[11]and[12].Finally,monitoringandmobilityarealsosubjectofseveralstudies[13,14,15,8,16]and[17]wheretheuseofbio-inspiredprinciplesseeminterestingwithmulti-agentsystemstosolveproblemsrelatedtomobilityaswellasschedulingtasks.Also,theseworkscanbedividedintotwoclasses:thefirstconsidersthesensornetworkasamultiagentsystem;itmeansthatapplicationofagenttechnologyconsiststoimplantthesameagentforallnodestohaveacooperativefunctioningbetweennodes.Thesecondclassprovidesmulti-agentsystemsadaptedtothelogicalstructureofaWSN.Forexample,inaclusterednetwork,wefoundnodeagents,clusteragents,andregionagentsetc...oragentsareadaptedtothefunctionalstructureinasinglenode,forexampleanagentforcommunication,anotherforcontrol,anotheroneforcoordination,…etc.SupervisionormonitoringisasetoftechniquesusedtoincreasetheperformanceofWSN,optimizelifetimeandensurefaulttolerancepropertyusingallnetworkparametersthatpreventordetectdysfunctionsinthesystem.Thephysicallimitsofthewirelessnodeandvariationinthewirelesslinksqualityarechallengestogivehighavailabilityofservices,inparticularlyforWSNapplications,whereitisnecessarytocreatemechanisms14DistributedMonitoringforWirelessSensorNetworks:aMulti-AgentApproachCopyright©2014MECSI.J.ComputerNetworkandInformationSecurity,2014,10,13-23toidentifyandreduceorsolvetheproblemofenergyhole.Theenergyholecanbecausedbycongestionorfrequentuseofpathwhichisthereasonoftheprematuredeathofnodes.Themainapproachforloadbalancingandfaulttoleranceinsensornetworksisthemaintenanceofatopologythatguaranteesgoodconditionsoftransfer.Indeed,theuseofmultiplepathshelpstobalancetheenergyconsumptionofnodesanddividetheflowofpacketsonallpossiblepaths.Thismechanismalsoreducesthedelayandpacketlosswhichiscalledalsotransferwithqualityofservice.Thetopologyusedplaysanimportantroleinachievingthesegoals.Topologycontrolconsistsinuseofnetworkparameterstogenerateormaintainatopolog