无线传感器网络分布式定位算法的关键分析(IJWMT-V6-N4-7)

I.J.WirelessandMicrowaveTechnologies,2016,4,72-83PublishedOnlineJuly2016inMECS()DOI:10.5815/ijwmt.2016.04.07Availableonlineat*,S.C.Sharmaba,bWirelessNetworkLab,ElectronicsandComputerDiscipline,DPT,IndianInstituteofTechnologyRoorkee,Roorkee-247667,IndiaAbstractInthepastdecade,Wirelesssensornetworks(WSNs)haveattractedverymuchattentionfromtheresearchandindustrialcommunity.VariousWSNbasedprojectsproducedfruitfulandinterestingresults.Invariousapplications,thelocationinformationofnodeisvitalfortheservice.Thereasonisthatusersusuallyneedtoknowwhathappens,butalsowheretheconcernedeventshappen.Forexample,inbattlefieldsurveillance,theknowledgeofwheretheenemycomesfromcanbemuchmoreimportantthanonlyknowingtheappearanceoftheenemy,itismuchimportantthatsensorsreportstheinformationalongwiththeirlocation.Localizationisoneoftheprimaryandwidelyusefulmiddle-wareservicesinsensornetworks,mostlyallowseverynodetoobtainitslocationinformation.ThelocalizationschemescanbecategorizedonthebasisofvariousparameterslikeavailabilityofGPS,presenceofanchors,rangemeasurements,modelofcomputationetc.Onthebasisofcomputationmodel,thelocalizationapproachescanbecategorizedinto:centralizedanddistributedlocalizationtechniques.Duetocertainadvantages,distributedlocalizationisflatteringasanactivesteminsensorlocalization.Inthispaper,wehavebeenreportedadetailedanalysisondistributedlocalizationtechniquesandoutlinethemeritsandlimitationsofdistributedlocalizationschemesinWSNs.Finally,weconcludethepaperwithsomeopenissues.IndexTerms:Wirelesssensornetworks,rangemeasurements,anchors,services,distributedlocalization.©2016PublishedbyMECSPublisher.Selectionand/orpeerreviewunderresponsibilityoftheResearchAssociationofModernEducationandComputerScience1.IntroductionRecentadvancementinwirelesscommunicationandlow-costsensortechnologyhasenabledtheemergenceandevolutionofwirelesssensornetworks(WSNs)asnewparadigmofcomputernetworking[1],[2].Awirelesssensornetworkispoisedofhugenumberoflow-cost,tinysensornodesenabledwithsensing,processingandtransmittingcapabilities[3],[4].Asimplewirelesssensornetworkisshowninfig.1.*Correspondingauthor.Tel.:[phone];Fax:[phone]E-mailaddress:[e-mail]tributedLocalizationAlgorithmsforWirelessSensorNetworks73ForthisProcediathefilesmustbeinMSWordformatonlyandshouldbeformattedfordirectprinting.Fig.1.Asimplewirelesssensornetwork(Source:[8])Thewirelesssensornetworkswereinitiallymotivatedbymilitaryapplicationsbutnowadays,WSNsareusedinvariouscivilianapplicationareaslike:monitoring,tracking,control,automationandhealthcareapplications.Inmanyapplications,thelocationinformationofsensornodeisofmuchimportance.Locationofsensornodeiscrucialtofind.Localizationisamethodofdeterminingthepositiononanode.ThelocalizationschemescanbecategorizedonthebasisofvariousparameterslikeavailabilityofGPS,presenceofanchors,computationmodel,rangemeasurementsetc[5],[6],[7],[33].Onthebasisofcomputationmodel,thelocalizationapproachescanbeclassifiedintotwocategories:centralizedanddistributedlocalizationtechniques.Incentralizedmodel,allthemeasurementsarecollectedandprocessedatcentralbasestationwhileindistributedmodel,computationtakeplaceateverynode.Duetohardwarerestrictionsofsensors,solutionsindistributedschemesarebeingconsideredascosteffectivesolutions.Inthispaper,variousdistributedlocalizationschemeshavebeendiscussed.Therestofthepaperisorganizedasfollows.Section2,describestheoverviewoflocalizationprocessandthetaxonomyoflocalizationalgorithms.Section3,describesthedistributedlocalizationalgorithmsanditsvariants.Section4coverstheanalysisanddiscussion.Section5concludesthepaper.2.LocalizationOverviewLocalizationisanticipatedthroughthecommunicationbetweenlocalizedorknownnodeandunlocalizednodeforobtainingtheirgeometricalsituationorposition[9],[10].Thelocalizationoverviewcontainsthebriefoverviewoflocalizationprocessandthetaxonomyofthelocalizationscheme.2.1.LocalizationProcessLocalizationprocesssituatessensornodesonthebasisofinputdata.Thecommoninputsaretheanchorpositions(ifanchoravailable),connectivityinformation,distanceoranglebetweennodes.Themeasurementtechniquescanbeproximitybased,distancebasedoranglebased.Theproximitybasedtechniquesarebasedonradiooracousticwaves.Localizationalgorithmisexecutedinanimportantstepinthelocalizationprocess.Alocalizationprocessobjectivevariesaccordingly.Theoverviewofalocalizationprocessisshowninfig2.74CriticalAnalysisofDistributedLocalizationAlgorithmsforWirelessSensorNetworksFig.2.Overviewofalocalizationprocess2.2.LocalizationAlgorithmsOnthebasisofinputdata,alocalizationalgorithmdeterminesthenodeslocationinthenetwork.TheInputsbetherangeestimateswithorwithoutthepositionofbeaconsoraccesspoint.ThelocalizationalgorithmsareclassifiedonthebasisofvariousparameterslikeavailabilityofGPS,presenceofanchors,computationmodel,rangemeasurementsetc[6],[7],[34].Thetaxonomyoflocalizationtechniqu