基于不同部署策略最大限度地提高无线传感器网络寿命与异质性分布式算法及可调节感应范围(IJITCS-V

I.J.InformationTechnologyandComputerScience,2013,08,101-108PublishedOnlineJuly2013inMECS()DOI:10.5815/ijitcs.2013.08.10Copyright©2013MECSI.J.InformationTechnologyandComputerScience,2013,08,101-108DistributedAlgorithmsforMaximizingLifetimeofWSNswithHeterogeneityandAdjustableSensingRangeforDifferentDeploymentStrategiesSamayveerSinghDepartmentofComputerEngineering,NetajiSubhasInstituteofTechnology,NewDelhi,IndiaE-mail:[e-mail]ofComputerScienceandEngineering,NationalInstituteofTechnology,Jalandhar,Punjab,IndiaE-mail:[e-mail]—Focusofthispaperisonenergyheterogeneityanddistributedalgorithmsforschedulingandadjustablerange.Theproblemoflifetimeenhancementofwirelesssensornetworksisdealtwiththeadjustmentoftransmissionorsensingrangeofthesensornodesandimplementationofheterogeneousenergymodel.Inthiswork,wedeploythesensornodesin2-Dusingtriangular,square,andhexagonaltiles.Theinitialenergiesofthesensorsandtheirpositionsalongwiththepositionsoftargetsareknown.Forthisenvironment,weinvestigatethemaximumachievablelifetimeusingheterogeneousdeterministicenergyefficientprotocolwithadjustablesensingrange(HADEEPS)andheterogeneousloadbalancingprotocolwithadjustablesensingrange(HALBPS).Weobservethatdeployingthesensorsintriangulartilesgivesbetterlifetime.IndexTerms—EnergyEfficiency,Heterogeneity,Lifetime,DeploymentI.IntroductionAwirelesssensornetworks(WSNs)isdefinedasanetworkofnodesthathavesmallsizeandlow-batterypowerandcanbedeployedtosensetheenvironmentforinformationcollection.Thecollectedinformationissentthroughwirelesslinksusingmultiplehopstoasinkorcontroller,whichcanuseitlocallyorfurthertransmitstoothernetworksthroughagateway.AnodeinsensornetworkconsistsofCPU,memory,battery,andtransceiver.TheCPUperformsdataprocessing,memorystoresdata,batteryprovidesenergy,andthetransceiverreceivesandsendsdata.Thenodescanbestationaryormobile,location-awareorlocation-unaware,homogeneousorheterogeneous.Thenodesinsensornetworkscanbeindividuallyaddressableorgroup-addressableinwhichtheaggregateddataiscommunicated.Oneoftheimportantissuesinsensornetworksispowersupplythatisconstrainedbybatterysize,whichnormallycannotbeenhanced.Thus,optimaluseofthesensorenergyhasagreatimpactonthenetworklifetime[1].Thiscanbedoneeitherschedulingthesensornodestoalternatebetweenactiveandsleepmodeoradjustingtheirsensingrange[2].Thetechniquesthathelpenhancenetworklifetimecanbeeithercentralizedordistributed.Informercase,asinglenodehasaccesstotheentirenetworkinformationthatisusedtodeterminescheduling.Inthelatercase,asensorcanexchangeinformationwithitsneighborsandthatinformationisusedtomakeschedulingdecisions.Thedistributedalgorithmsrequirelocal(e.g.,nearestneighbor)informationduetolimitedmemory,computing,andcommunicationcapabilitiesofthesensors.Schedulingisaveryimportantaspectforthenetworklifetime.Paper[3]discussesadistributedalgorithmbasedonusingthefacesofthegraph.Ifallfacescoveredbyasensorarealsocoveredbyothersensorswithhigherbatterylevelandthesesensorsaremonitoringtheregion,thenthefirstsensorgoesintosleepstate.Thisworkhasbeenextendedin[4]andtheresultantmethodistermedastheloadbalancingprotocol(LBP).Inthispaper,theydiscussmaximizingsensornetworklifetimeforthegivenmonitoringregionusingbatterylifeandenergyconsumptionrateforeachsensor.BrinzaandZelikovsky[5]discusshowthesensorscaninterchangeidleandactivemodeswhilemonitoringandcommunicating.Theydiscussanewdeterministicenergy-efficientprotocolforsensornetworks(DEEPS)forprolongingthenetworklifetime.In[1,2,6],thenetworklifetimeenhancementhasbeendiscussedbyconsideringadjustablesensingrangeunlikethefixedsensingrangein[4,5].Papers[1,7]discussamechanismformakingmaximumdisjoint102DistributedAlgorithmsforMaximizingLifetimeofWSNswithHeterogeneityandAdjustableSensingRangeforDifferentDeploymentStrategiesCopyright©2013MECSI.J.InformationTechnologyandComputerScience,2013,08,101-108coverssetsofthesensorsinsuchawaythatonesetcanmonitoralltargets.Thesesetsarerandomlydeployedtomonitorthetargetsandhaveadjustablesensingrange.Thedurationoftheactivesetin[1]isenergydependentwhereasin[7]allactivesetshavefixedtimeinterval.Theenergyisconservedbyactivatingthecoversetssuccessively.Thesensorsfromthecurrentactivesetareresponsibleformonitoringalltargetsandtransmittingthecollecteddatatosink;andremaininggotosleepmode.Incaseasensorisamemberofmultiplecoversets,suchsetcoversleadstoincreaseinthenetworklifetime.Paper[6]discussestheoptimalschedulingbyassigningthebesttimesforeachcoverinordertomaximizingthelifetimebasedontheratioofnumberofuncoveredtargetscoveredbysensorandweightmultiplybydistancebetweensensor,andtargetofatarget-coveringsensornetwork.In[8],thenetworklifetimehasbeenincreasedbyconstructinglocalcoversetsconsistingofsensorsthatcancoverlocaltargets.Thecoversetsareprioritizedbyusingsomepropertiesofthelifetimedependencygraphmodel.Thisworkhasbeenextendedin[9]byenablingthesensorstodeterminetheirsleep-sensecyclesbasedonspecificcoveragegoals.Inpaper[10],alifetimedependency(LD)graphmodelisdis