β-I和分形维数神经反馈对反应时间的影响(IJISA-V6-N11-6)

I.J.IntelligentSystemsandApplications,2014,11,42-48PublishedOnlineOctober2014inMECS()DOI:10.5815/ijisa.2014.11.06Copyright©2014MECSI.J.IntelligentSystemsandApplications,2014,11,42-48TheEffectsofBeta-IandFractalDimensionNeurofeedbackonReactionTimeRezaYaghoobiKarimoiDepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,IslamicAzadUniversity,MashhadBranch,Mashhad,IranEmail:[e-mail]artmentofElectronicEngineering,SadjadUniversityofTechnology,Mashhad,IranEmail:[e-mail]—Inthispaper,weevaluatetheeffectsofneurofeedbacktrainingprotocolsoftherelativepowerofthebeta-IbandandthefractaldimensiononthereactiontimeofhumanbytheTestofVariablesofAttention(TOVA)toshowwhichofthesetwoprotocolshavethegreatabilityfortheimprovingofthereactiontime.Thefindingsofthisresearchshowthatbothprotocolshaveagoodability(p0.01)toimprovingofthereactiontimeandcancreatethesignificantdifference(asmeandRT=37.3msforthebeta-IprotocolanddRT=19.6msforthefractalprotocol)inthereactiontime.Ofcourse,wemustexpress,theBeta-Iprotocolhasthemoreabilitytoimprovingofthereactiontimeanditisabletoprovideafasterreactiontime.IndexTerms—Neurofeedback,ReactionTime,TestofVariablesofAttention(TOVA),Electroencephalogram,RelativeBeta-IPower,andFractalDimensionI.INTRODUCTIONQualityofindividual’sperformancedependsonthewayofhisinteractionwithenvironmentandtheamountofmasteryonhistasks.Inaddition,itseemsthatthesetwofactorsdependontheindividual'sbehaviors,andtheircorrectioncanimprovetheindividual'sbehaviors.Hence,researchers[1-4]usingdifferentindexessuchasreactiontimeanderrorratearetryingtocorrectthesefactors.ThereactiontimeisanimportantindexthatisusuallyusedinthetestsofhumanperformancesuchasSimpleReactionTimetest(SRT)[5],DiagnosticReactionTimetest(DRT),ChoiceReactionTimetest(CRT)[5,6],ContinuousPerformanceTask(CPT)[7],TestofVariablesofAttention(TOVA)[8,9],AttentionNetworkTest(ANT)[9-11]andWisconsinCardSortingTest(WCST)[1].Infact,thisindexisappliedformeasuringtheamountofnormality(e.g.addiction[12,13]),intelligence[14],memory[15,16],speedofdecision-making[17],attentionandconcentration[7,8],andlevelofalertness[18].Inresult,theprovidinganefficientmethodforcorrectionofthereactiontimecanmakeabigchangeinhumanbehavior.Oneoftheseefficientmethodsisthetrainingofhumanbrain(ornaturalneuralnetwork)[7,8,19]thatisabletochangethereactiontime.Ofcourse,rememberthatlearningofthenaturalneuralnetworkisacomplexproblem,anddependsonthetrainingmethod.Therefore,developmentatrainingmethodcompatiblewiththenaturalneuralnetworkcancreateanoutstandingtransformationinthisfield.Hence,weneedtoasuitablemodelfromthenaturalneuralnetwork!whichitseemsthatartificialneuralnetworks(ANN)arethebestcaseforthismodel.ScrutinyoftheANN[20]showsthatthesenetworksneedstorepetitiveinformationandconstantforthelearning.Infact,theyuseatrainset,whilethissetisconstantduringtraining[20].Therefore,therepetitiveinformationandconstantisessentialforANNslearningprocess.Also,rememberthattheANNsaretheprimitivestructuretypefromthenaturalneuralnetworks.Therefore,itseemsthatabove-mentionedtrainingprocedureisagoodtheoryfortrainingofthenaturalneuralnetworks.Now,onemethodthatcanactualizethistheoryisneurofeedback,whichcouldofferthesignificantresults[7,8,19,21]forthedecreaseofthespecificindexessuchasthereactiontime.Theconductedresearches[7,22]inattentionandconcentrationfieldespeciallyinchildrenwithattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder(ADHD)showthattheenergyofEEGbands(delta,theta,alpha,andbeta)hassignificantdifferentcomparedtonormalchildren.Inotherwords,theenergyamplitudeofthedeltaandthetabandintheADHDchildreniscomparativelyhigherthanthatinthenormalchildrenwhiletheenergyamplitudeofthealphaandbetabandintheADHDchildreniscomparativelylowerthanthatinthenormalchildren[23,24].Intheother,thestudies[8]intheneurofeedbackfieldfortheincreaseofattentionshowthetrainingofbeta-IbandpowercanprovideafasterreactiontimecomparedtootherprotocolssuchasthetrainingofSMRband.Hence,researchersbelievesthisbandhaveanacceptablecorrelationwiththereactiontime[8].Someotheroftheresearches[25,26,27]inneurofeedbackfieldforimprovingofthebrain-computerinterfaces(BCI)andthedata-miningontheADHDchildrenshowthatfractaldimensionofEEGsignalhaveagoodrelationshipwithattentionandconcentration,andthatthefractaldimensionreducedinbrainsignalsoftheADHDchildren.TheEffectsofBeta-IandFractalDimensionNeurofeedbackonReactionTime43Copyright©2014MECSI.J.IntelligentSystemsandApplications,2014,11,42-48Accordingtoabovestudies,boththebeta-Ibandpowerandthefractaldimensionhavetheadequatecorrelationtothereactiontimeandtheyareabletotheimprovingofattentionandconcentrationinhuman.Therefore,inthiswork,weusingneurofeedbacktrainingofthesetwoquantitiescheckthechangerateofreactiontimeafteratrainingcourse.Infact,wearegoingtoknow,isbrainabletocontrolthesequantities(RelativePoweroftheBeta-IBandandFractalDimension)?Arethesequantitiescanadjustthebrainfunctionfortheimprovingofthereactiontime?Howmuchisamountofimprovingofthereactiontimeforeachthesequantities?Tothisend,wewi