神经网络和人工智能的高级应用：回顾与展望(IJITCS-V4-N6-8)

I.J.InformationTechnologyandComputerScience,2012,6,57-68PublishedOnlineJune2012inMECS()DOI:10.5815/ijitcs.2012.06.08Copyright©2012MECSI.J.InformationTechnologyandComputerScience,2012,6,57-68AdvancedApplicationsofNeuralNetworksandArtificialIntelligence:AReviewKoushalKumarDepartmentofCSE/IT,LovelyProfessionalUniversity,Phagwara,[e-mail]DepartmentofCSE/IT,LovelyProfessionalUniversity,Phagwara,Punjab,[e-mail]—ArtificialNeuralNetworkisabranchofArtificialintelligenceandhasbeenacceptedasanewcomputingtechnologyincomputersciencefields.ThispaperreviewsthefieldofArtificialintelligenceandfocusingonrecentapplicationswhichusesArtificialNeuralNetworks(ANN‟s)andArtificialIntelligence(AI).ItalsoconsiderstheintegrationofneuralnetworkswithothercomputingmethodsSuchasfuzzylogictoenhancetheinterpretationabilityofdata.ArtificialNeuralNetworksisconsidersasmajorsoft-computingtechnologyandhavebeenextensivelystudiedandappliedduringthelasttwodecades.Themostgeneralapplicationswhereneuralnetworksaremostwidelyusedforproblemsolvingareinpatternrecognition,dataanalysis,controlandclustering.ArtificialNeuralNetworkshaveabundantfeaturesincludinghighprocessingspeedsandtheabilitytolearnthesolutiontoaproblemfromasetofexamples.ThemainaimofthispaperistoexploretherecentapplicationsofNeuralNetworksandArtificialIntelligenceandprovidesanoverviewofthefield,wheretheAI&ANN‟sareusedanddiscussesthecriticalroleofAI&NNplayedindifferentareas.IndexTerms—Artificialintelligence,NeuralNetworks,Machinelearning,SoftcomputingI.IntroductionToArtificialIntelligenceIntelligence=perceive+Analyse+ReactArtificialintelligence(AI)isdefinedasintelligenceexhibitedbyanartificialentitytosolvecomplexproblemsandsuchasystemisgenerallyassumedtobeacomputerormachine[1].ArtificialIntelligenceisanintegrationofcomputerscienceandphysiologyIntelligenceinsimplelanguageisthecomputationalpartoftheabilitytoachievegoalsintheworld.Intelligenceistheabilitytothinktoimaginecreatingmemorizingandunderstanding,recognizingpatterns,makingchoicesadaptingtochangeandlearnfromexperience.Artificialintelligenceconcernedwithmakingcomputersbehavelikehumans.AItriestosolvethecomplexproblemsinmorehumanlikefashionandinmuchlesstimethenahumantakes.HenceitiscalledasArtificialIntelligence[2].ArtificialintelligencecanbedividedintopartsaccordingtophilosophyofAI.a)StrongAIb)WeakAIWhatisStrongAI?TheprinciplebehindStrongAIisthatthemachinescouldbemadetothinkorinotherwordscouldrepresenthumanmindsinthefuture.ThusStrongAIclaimsthatinnearfuturewewillbesurroundedbysuchkindsofmachinewhichcancompletelyworkslikehumanbeingandmachinecouldhavehumanlevelintelligence.Ifthatisthecase,thosemachineswillhavetheabilitytoreason,thinkanddoallfunctionsthatahumaniscapableofdoing.CurrentresearchisnowherenearcreatingstrongAI,andalivelydebateisongoingastowhetherthisisevenpossible[3].WhatisweakAI?TheprinciplebehindWeakAIissimplythefactthatmachinescanbemadetoactasiftheyareintelligent.WeakAIsimplystatesthatthinkinglikefeaturescanbeeasilyaddedtocomputertomakethemmoreusefultoolsandthisalreadystartedtohappen.Forexample,whenahumanplayerplayschessagainstacomputer,thehumanplayermayfeelasifthecomputerisactuallymakingimpressivemoves.Butthechessapplicationisnotthinkingandplanningatall.Allthemovesitmakesarepreviouslyfedintothecomputerbyahumanandthatishowitisensuredthatthesoftwarewillmaketherightmovesattherighttimes.MoreexamplesofWeakAIarewitnessexpertsystems,drivebywirescarsandspeechrecognisationsystems[4].TuringTest:TheTuringtestisatestofamachine'sabilitytoexhibitintelligentbehavior.ThetestwasintroducedbyAlanTuringinhis1950paperComputingMachineryandIntelligence.Theoriginalquestionbehindthistestwas“Canmachinesthink?“.Thetestproceedsasfollowsahumanjudgeengagesinanaturallanguageconversationwithonehumanandonemachine,eachofwhichtriestoappearhuman.Allparticipantsare58AdvancedApplicationsofNeuralNetworksandArtificialIntelligence:AReviewCopyright©2012MECSI.J.InformationTechnologyandComputerScience,2012,6,57-68placedinisolatedlocations.Ifthejudgecannotreliablytellthemachinefromthehuman,themachineissaidtohavepassedthetest.Inordertotestthemachine'sintelligenceratherthanitsabilitytorenderwordsintoaudio,theconversationislimitedtoatext-onlychannelsuchasacomputerkeyboardandscreen.”Sufficientlymanyinterrogatorsareunabletodistinguishthecomputerfromthehumanbeingthenitistobeconcludedthatthecomputerthinks[5].Fig1TuringtestforcheckingmachineintelligenceRootsofAIArtificialIntelligencehasidentifiablerootsinanumberofolderdisciplines,particularly•Philosophy•Logic/Mathematics•Computation•Psychology/CognitiveScience•Biology/NeuroscienceThereisinevitablymuchoverlapExample,betweenphilosophyandlogic,orbetweenmathematicsandcomputation.Bylookingateachoftheseinturn,wecangainabetterunderstandingoftheirroleinAI,andhowtheseunderlyingdisciplineshavedevelopedtoplaythatrole.GoalofAI:AnimportantgoalofAIresearchistodevisemachinestoperformvarioustaskswhichnormallyrequirehumanintelligenceFig.2Areasofcomputi