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CONSTITUTIONOFTHEPEOPLE'SREPUBLICOFCHINA(AdoptedattheFifthSessionoftheFifthNationalPeople'sCongressandpromulgatedforimplementationbytheProclamationoftheNationalPeople'sCongressonDecember4,1982)ContentsPreambleChapterIGeneralPrincipleChapterIITheFundamentalRightsandDutiesofCitizensChapterIIITheStructureoftheStateSection1TheNationalPeople'sCongressSection2ThePresidentofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaSection3TheStateCouncilSection4TheCentralMilitaryCommissionSection5TheLocalPeople'sCongressesandLocalPeople'sGovernmentsatVariousLevelsSection6TheOrgansofSelf-GovernmentofNationalAutonomousAreasSection7ThePeople'sCourtsandthePeople'sProcuratoratesChapterIVTheNationalFlag,theNationalEmblemandtheCapitalPreambleChinaisacountrywithoneofthelongesthistoriesintheworld.ThepeopleofallofChina'snationalitieshavejointlycreatedacultureofgrandeurandhaveagloriousrevolutionarytradition.0After1840,feudalChinawasgraduallyturnedintoasemi-colonialandsemi-feudalcountry.TheChinesepeoplewagedmanysuccessiveheroicstrugglesfornationalindependenceandliberationandfordemocracyandfreedom.GreatandearthshakinghistoricalchangeshavetakenplaceinChinainthe20thcentury.TheRevolutionof1911,ledbyDr.SunYat-sen,abolishedthefeudalmonarchyandgavebirthtotheRepublicofChina.ButthehistoricmissionoftheChinesepeopletooverthrowimperialismandfeudalismremainedunaccomplished.*Afterwagingprotractedandarduousstruggles,armedandotherwise,alongazigzagcourse,theChinesepeopleofallnationalitiesledbytheCommunistPartyofChinawithChairmanMaoZedongasitsleaderultimately,in1949,overthrewtheruleofimperialism,feudalismandbureaucrat-capitalism,wonagreatvictoryintheNew-DemocraticRevolutionandfoundedthePeople'sRepublicofChina.SincethentheChinesepeoplehavetakencontrolofstatepowerandbecomemastersofthecountry.AfterthefoundingofthePeople'sRepublic,ChinagraduallyachieveditstransitionfromaNew-Democratictoasocialistsociety.Thesocialisttransformationoftheprivateownershipofthemeansofproductionhasbeencompleted,thesystemofexploitationofmanbymanabolishedandthesocialistsystemestablished.Thepeople'sdemocraticdictatorshipledbytheworkingclassandbasedontheallianceofworkersandpeasants,whichisinessencethedictatorshipoftheproletariat,hasbeenconsolidatedanddeveloped.TheChinesepeopleandtheChinesePeople'sLiberationArmyhavedefeatedimperialistandhegemonistaggression,sabotageandarmedprovocationsandhavetherebysafeguardedChina'snationalindependenceandsecurityandstrengtheneditsnationaldefence.Majorsuccesseshavebeenachievedineconomicdevelopment.Anindependentandrelativelycomprehensivesocialistsystemofindustryhasbasicallybeenestablished.Therehasbeenamarkedincreaseinagriculturalproduction.Significantadvanceshavebeenmadeineducational,scientificandculturalundertakings,whileeducationinsocialistideologyhasproducednoteworthyresults.Thelifeofthepeoplehasimprovedconsiderably.**BoththevictoryinChina'sNew-DemocraticRevolutionandthesuccessesinitssocialistcausehavebeenachievedbytheChinesepeopleofallnationalities,undertheleadershipoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandtheguidanceofMarxism-LeninismandMaoZedongThought,byupholdingtruth,correctingerrorsandsurmountingnumerousdifficultiesandhardships.Thebasictaskofthenationintheyearstocomeistoconcentrateitseffortonsocialistmodernization.UndertheleadershipoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandtheguidanceofMarxism-LeninismandMaoZedongThought,theChinesepeopleofallnationalitieswillcontinuetoadheretothepeople'sdemocraticdictatorshipandthesocialistroad,steadilyimprovesocialistinstitutions,developsocialistdemocracy,improvethesocialistlegalsystem,andworkhardandself-reliantlytomodernizethecountry'sindustry,agriculture,nationaldefenceandscienceandtechnologystepbysteptoturnChinaintoasocialistcountrywithahighlevelofcultureanddemocracy.Theexploitingclassesassuchhavebeenabolishedinourcountry.However,classstrugglewillcontinuetoexistwithincertainboundsforalongtimetocome.TheChinesepeoplemustfightagainstthoseforcesandelements,bothathomeandabroad,thatarehostiletoChina'ssocialistsystemandtrytoundermineit.TaiwanispartofthesacredterritoryofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.ItistheinviolabledutyofallChinesepeople,includingourcompatriotsinTaiwan,toaccomplishthegreattaskofreunifyingthemotherland.*Inbuildingsocialismitisessentialtorelyonworkers,peasantsandintellectualsandtouniteallforcesthatcanbeunited.Inthelongyearsofrevolutionandconstruction,therehasbeenformedundertheleadershipoftheCommunistPartyofChinaabroadpatrioticunitedfrontwhichiscomposedofthedemocraticpartiesandpeople'sorganizationsandwhichembracesallsocialistworkingpeople,allpatriotswhosupportsocialismandallpatriotswhostandforthereunificationofthemotherland.Thisunitedfrontwillcontinuetobeconsolidatedanddeveloped.TheChinesePeople'sPoliticalConsultativeConference,abroadlybasedrepresentativeorganizationoftheunitedfrontwhichhasplayedasignificanthistoricalrole,willplayastillmoreimportantroleinthecountry'spoliticalandsociallife,inpromotingfriendshipwithothercountriesandinthestruggleforsocialistmodernizationandforthereunificationandunityofthecountry.ThePeople'sRepublicofChinaisaunitarymult