派生法(derivation):在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀,从而构成一个与原单词意义相近或相反的词。前缀(prefix):一般改变意义,不改变词性。表示否定的:dis-,like---dislike,appear---disappear,agree---disagree,cover---discover,il-,legal---illegal,literate---illiterate;im-,possible---impossible,polite---impolite,mortal-immortal;in-,correct---incorrect,direct---indirect,complete---incomplete;ir-,regular-irregular,relative---irrelative,revocable---irrevocable,capableofbeingrevoked;abletobecancelled,revoke:(transitive)totakebackorwithdraw;cancel;rescind⇒torevokealaw2.(intransitive)cardstobreakaruleofplaybyfailingtofollowsuitwhenabletodoso;renege,renege.(intransitive;oftenfollbyon)togoback(onone'spromise,etc)mis-,“错误,坏”take---mistake,understand---misunderstand,fortune---misfortune,lead---mislead,mischievous;mal-,“坏,恶的”function---malfunction,maladroit笨拙的(mal+adroit灵巧的)adjective1.skilfulordexterous2.quickinthoughtorreaction,malevolent恶意的(male+vol意志+ent→坏意志)1.wishingorappearingtowisheviltoothers;malicious2.astrologyhavinganevilinfluence;non-,“不,非”’fiction---non-fiction,non-cooperation,non-negotiable,non-stop直达的,non-profit,non-commercial;un-,“不,非”happy---unhappy,fair---unfair,like---unlike(不像),certain-uncertain,known-unknown,usual-unusual,important-unimportant,accessable---unaccessable,accountable---unaccountable,fold-unfold,前缀a-,①加在单词或词根前面,表示”不,无,非”,acentric无中心的(a+centric中心的)asocial不好社交的(a+social好社交的);amoral非道德性的(a+moral道德的;注意:immoralapolitical.不关政治的(a+political政治的)anemia反常的(a+nomal正常的+ous)②加在单词前,表示”在…,…的”,asleep睡着的(a+sleep睡觉),aside在边上(a+side旁边),ahead在前地(a+head头),alive活的(a+live活)awash.泛滥的(a+wash冲洗),alike(相似的,一样的);前缀中的:anti-,“反对,抵抗,against,opposedto,oppositeof,instead”,anti-war,antitrust,antibiotic,antioxidant,antibody,antigen,anti-semitic等;auto-,“自动的,self,personally,表示自己”,automate,automation自动化,autograph亲笔,autoalarm自动报警器,autocriticism自我批评,autorotation自动旋转,autobiography自传,autonomous[ɔː'tɑːnəməs]a.自治的;automatic,automatically,autonomy,automobile,automated,autopsy,autograph亲笔签名,手稿,automotive,,autocrat独裁者,autocracy,automata,automaton,autoclave,automaker,autoindex自动索引;co-,“共同”,coworker,collegiate,colleague,cooperate;en-,“使”,enlarge,encourage,enhance,enable,enact,enroll,encompass,inter-,“相互,between在---之间”,international,internet,interview,intercontinental洲际的,interchange,interfere,interrupt,interpose,mini-,“小”,minibus,,miniskirt,miniature,minify,minimum,minimal最低限度的,pre-,“在---之前”,pre-school,pre-reading,preview,precedev.togoorbebefore(someoneorsomething)intime,place,rank,etc,precedent.a.Ifthereisaprecedentforanactionorevent,ithashappenedbefore,andthiscanberegardedasanargumentfordoingitagain.president,precedent.unprecedented.re-,“再,又,重复”,repeat,rewrite,retell,return,review,rebound,reflect,reclaimsub-,“在下面”,subway,subordinate,submarine,suburban(urban城区),subconscious,subscribe,super-“超,在---之上”,supermarket,superman,superstar,supersonic,superficial,supervise,supernatural,tele-,“远”,telephone,telescope,television,telecommunication,telegram,后缀(suffix):通常使词由一种词类转化为另一种词类。常见的后缀有:1.构成动词的后缀:-en:1.接在某些形容词后面构成动词,有“做”、“使”、“成为”、“使……变成”等含义。例如:shorten(使缩短)darken(使黑,变黑)deepen(加深,使深)broaden(加宽)sharpen(削尖)sweeten(使变甜)richen(使富)thicken(使变厚)quicken(加快)soften(使软化)blacken(使变黑)harden(变硬、硬化)weaken(变弱)fasten(使固定)widen(变宽)。也有从形容词比较级形式加-en构成动词的。如lessen(减少),worsen(恶化,变得更坏)等等。2.接在某些名词后构成动词,有“使”、“使……变成”等含义。例如:frighten(恐吓)hasten(加快)heighten(提高)lengthen(延长)strengthen(加强)等。3.接在某些名词后构成形容词,有“由……制成的”、“含有……质的”“似……的”等含义。例如:wooden(木质的)wheaten(小麦制的)leaden(铅制的)earthen(泥质的,泥制的)woolen(羊毛制的)waxen(蜡制的,似蜡的)ashen(灰的,似灰的)golden(金质的,似金的)silken(丝的,如丝的)oaken(橡木制的)等等。某些-en构成的形容词往往有比喻作用。如:brazenfaced(厚脸皮的),theGoldenAge(黄金时代),woodenhead(呆子),leadensilence(使人窒息的沉默),waxencomplexion(蜡黄的面色)等。4.接在少数名词后面构成“小”称名词。例如:maiden(少女),chicken(小鸡),kitten(小猫)等。除此之外,后缀还可以:1.构成表示人的名词:warden(看守人,保管员),vixen(刁妇,泼妇),citizen(公民,市民)等;2.构成不规则动词的过去分词:beaten,written,ridden,spoken,forgot-ten等;3.构成复数名词:oxen,children等。deepen,strengthen,widen,sharpen,weaken,loosen,shorten,tighten,fasten-ize(-ise),注意这类动词一般都是抽象的modernize,popularize,recognize,emphasize,criticise,comprise,dehumanise,computerise,industrialise,utilise,westernize,compromise,realize,还有一个后缀ish:establish,finish,demolish,cherish,abolish,diminish,distinguish,punish-ise(1)表动词后缀,和-ize相同,是-ize的变体,“…化”memorisev记住(memor记忆)criticisev批评(ctitic批评家)advertisev做广告(advert注意到,ad+vert转+ise)authorisev授权(anthor权力;参考authority权威)fertilisev施肥,授精(fert肥沃…fertile肥沃的)revitalisev使复活(re再+vital活的)注:由-ize构成的一些动词publicizev宣传(public公开的)exorcizev驱除(坏事)(ex出+orc巫术,邪魔+ize)aggrandizev扩张(ag+grand大+ize)jeopardizev危害(jeopard危害+ize)materializev赋予…形体(material物质+ize)neutralizev使中和(neutral中间的,中和的+ize)sterilizev杀菌;使不育(steril无菌的+ize)homogenizev使一致(homo相同+gen产生+ize),使均匀,使均质lionizev崇拜(lion狮子+ize…把人当狮子看…崇拜)temporizev拖延时间(tempor时间+ize)industrializev工业化(industrial工业的+ize)popularizev推广,普及(popular流行的+ize)organize,emphasize,apologize,modernize,stabilize,authorize,recognize,urbanize,legalize,realize,-fy(-ify,-efy)含义、词源和例词拉丁动词后缀-fy既可以充当派生词缀与形容词和名词相结合,也可以加缀在词根后面。由-fy构成的动词多是及物的。这时-fy的意思为tomake~(使成为;使...化)。在少数由-fy构成的不及物动词中,-fy的意思为tobecome~(成为...),由于读音的关系,-fy与以辅音结尾的词基之间,往往需要添加字母i或e,由