Introducing-Translation-Studies-笔记

IntroducingTranslationStudiesTheoriesandapplicationsJeremyMundayChapter1:Mainissuesoftranslationstudies:1.Jacobson’scategoriesoftranslation:a.Intralingual;b.Interlingual;c.Intersemiotic(verbalnon-verbal).2.Historyofthediscipline:a.Fromthelate18thtothe1960s–grammar-translationmethod(replacedbycommunicativeapproachinthe1960sand1970s);b.TheUSA1960s–translationworkshopconceptbasedonRichards’sreadingworkshopsandpracticalcriticismapproachthatbeganin1920s;runningparalleltothisapproachwasthatofcomparativeliterature;c.TheUSA1930s-1960s/70s–contrastiveanalysis;d.Moresystematic,andmostlylinguistic-oriented,approach1950s-1960s:i.J.-P.VinayandJ.Darbelnet(French/English);ii.A.Malblanc(French/German);iii.G.Mounin(linguisticissuesoftranslation);iv.E.Nida(basedonChomsky’sgenerativegrammar).v.JamesS.Holmes’s“Thenameandnatureoftranslationstudies”isconsideredtobethe‘foundingstatement’ofanewdiscipline.vi.Hermans’s‘ManipulationSchool’vii.Vieira’sBraziliancannibalistschoolviii.Postcolonialtheoryix.Venuti’scultural-studies-orientedanalysisTheHolmes/Toury‘map’oftranslationstudies1:Translationstudies:1‘Pure’a)Theoretical(translationtheory)i)Generalii)Partial(1)Mediumrestricted(a)Bymachine:Alone/Withhumanaid(b)Byhumans:Written/Spoken:consecutive/simultaneous(2)Arearestricted(specificlanguages)(3)Rankrestricted(word/sentence/text)(4)Text-typerestricted(genres:literary,business,technicaltranslations)(5)Timerestricted(periods)(6)Problemrestricted(specificproblemse.g.equivalence)b)Descriptive(DTS)i)Productoriented(examinesexistingtranslations)ii)Processoriented(whathappensinthemindofatranslator)iii)Functionoriented(astudyofcontext/’socio-translationstudies’/cultural-studies-orientedtranslation)2‘Applied’a)Translatortrainingi)Teachingevaluationmethodsii)Testingtechniquesiii)Curriculumdesignb)Translationaidsi)ITapplications(1)translationsoftware(2)on-linedatabases(3)useofinternetii)Dictionariesiii)Grammarsc)Translationcriticismi)Evaluationoftranslationsii)Revisionofstudents’translationsiii)Reviewsofpublishedtranslations1Holmesmentionsalsotranslationpolicy(thetranslationscholaradvisingontheplaceoftranslationinsociety).Chapter2:Translationtheorybeforethe20thcentury:LiteralFreeAdaptationUpuntilthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury‘sterile’debateoverthe‘triad’of‘literal’,‘free’and‘faithful’translation1stcent.BCCicero1‘Interpreter’!2‘Orator’4thcenturyStJerome‘Word-for-word’!‘Sense-for-sense’AncientChina!!750-1250Baghdad!!Morethan1000yearsafterStJeromeWesternsociety!Heretical(EtienneDolet)TheFrenchhumanist,whowasburntin1546EtienneDoletAvoid!16thcenturyMartinLuther!everydayspeechstyleBefore17thcenturyFidelityTruthLetterSpiritFrom17thcenturyFidelitytomeaning/truth/spirit17thcenturyEnglandCowley!Imitation17thcenturyEnglandJohnDrydenMetaphrase!ParaphraseImitation18thcenturyEnglandA.F.Tytler‘Adopttheverysouloftheauthor’(spirit)19thcenturySchleiermacher(dividedtextsintobusinessandphilosophical)!Thereadertowardthewriter(alienating;foreignization–Venuti)Thewritertowardthereader(naturalizing;domestication-Venuti)19th-early20thcent.BritainF.Newman!!forawideaudienceM.Arnold!foreliteThroughoutthecenturiesdebateonformvs.contentoccurred.Traduttore,traditore=‘thetranslatorisatraitor’1+Horace2Preferredform.Chapter3:Equivalenceandequivalenteffect:Inthe1950sand1960stheplaceofcirculardebatesaroundliteralandfreetranslationtookthenewdebaterevolvedaroundcertainkeylinguisticissues,amongthemthoseofmeaningandequivalence,discussedbyR.Jakobsonin1959.Overthefollowing20yearsmanyfurtherattemptsweremadetodefinethenatureofequivalence.Jakobson:1.Meaning:thesignifier=thesignalofthesignified(theconcept).2.Thereisnofullequivalencebetweencode-unitsofdifferentlanguages.3.So,weshouldsubstitutenotwords,butmessages.4.Onlypoetryisconsidered‘untranslatable’andrequires‘creativetransposition’.Nida’s‘scienceoftranslating(subjective):1.Meaning:a.Linguistic;b.Referential(dictionarymeaning);c.Emotive(connotative).2.Waysofdeterminingmeaning:a.Hierarchicalstructuring(animaldog,cowetc);b.Componentialanalysis(grandmother,mother,cousinetc);c.Semanticstructureanalysis(spiritcanmeandemon,angel,god,ghost,ethos,alcoholetc)meaningdependingoncontext.3.3-stagesystemoftranslation(Chomsky’sinfluence:deep/surfacestructureofalanguage):SL1(analysis)X(transfer)Y(restructuring)TL24.Equivalence:a.Formal(formandcontent);b.Dynamic(equivalentresponseof:t2readeront2ast1readeront1)(closestnaturalequivalent).5.‘Correspondenceinmeaningmusthavepriorityovercorrespondenceinstyle’.6.Reader-basedorientation.Newmark’ssemanticandcommunicativetranslation:1.ReplacesNida’sdivisionwithsemantic(resemblesformalequivalence)andcommunicative(resemblesdynamicequivalence)translation.2.Nida’sdivisioninoperantifthetextisoutofTLspaceandtime.3.Dynamicequivalence:arereaders‘tobehandedeverythingonaplate’?4.Semantictranslationdiffersfromliteralinthatit‘respectscontext’,interpretsandexplains(metaphors).Literaltranslationistobethebestapproachinbothsemanticandcommunicativetranslation.Ifsemantictranslationwouldresultinan‘abnormal’TTorwouldnotsecur