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101地理学总论地理学统一地理学普通地理学系统地理学区域地理学理论地理学应用地理学元地理学地文学地质学古地理学地理学体系地理环境geographyunifiedgeographygeneralgeographysystematicgeographyregionalgeographytheoreticalgeographyappliedgeographymetageographyphysiographychorographypaleogeogpraphygeographicalsystemgeographicalenvironment地理因子地理过程地理分布地理界线地理综合地理考察综合考察区域分析区域分异生存空间生存承载能力环境决定论灾变论地球地球表面geographicalfactorsgeographicalprocessgeographicaldistributiongeographicalboundarygeographicalsynthesisgeographicalsurveyintegratedsurveyregionalanalysisregionaldifferentiationlivingspacelife-carryingcapacityenvironmentaldeterminismcatastrophetheoryearthearthsurface2地球表层地理系统地理圈景观圈岩石圈水圈大气圈土壤圈生物圈地圈智能圈技术圈北半球南半球地球体epigeospheregeosystemgeographicalspherelandscapespherelithospherehydrosphereatmospherepedospherebiospheregeospherenoonspheretechnospherenorthernhemispheresouthernhemispheregeoid地理纬度地理经度北极南极极圈北回归线南回归线赤道时区日界线极昼极夜洲大陆洋latitudelongitudeNorthPoleSouthPoleArcticCircleTropicofCancerTropicofCapricornequatortimezonedatelinepolardaypolarnightcontinentoceansea内陆地理单元区划带地带区域地区小区inlandgeographicalunitregionalizationbeltzoneregionareadistrict302自然地理学自然地理学综合自然地理学普通自然地理学自然综合体地域自然综合体自然地理过程自然生产潜力进展因素残留因素三维地带性水平地带垂直地带地带性physicalgeographyintegratedphysicalgeographygeneralphysicalgeographynaturalcomplexterritorialnaturalcomplexphysicalgeographicprocessnaturalpotentialproductivityprogressivefactorrelicfactorthreedimensionzonalityhorizontalzoneverticalzonezonality非地带性水平地带性垂直地带性地方性坡向阳坡阴坡山体效应综合自然区划雪带亚雪带高山亚高山山地azonalityhorizontalzonalityverticalzonalitylocalityexposureadret,sunnyslopeubac,shadyslopeMassenerhebungseffekt(德）,integratedphysicogeographicalregionalizationnivalbeltsubnivalbeltalpinesubalpinemountains4荒漠荒漠化沙漠岩漠砾漠泥漠盐漠戈壁绿洲景观学景观相自然景观土地desertdesertificationsandydesertrockydesertgraveldesertargillaceousdesertsaltdesertgobioasislandscapesciencelandscapefaciesnaturallandscapeland土地系统土地分类土地类型土地单元土地要素土地刻面刻面联合体土地属性生态地理学地生态学景观生态学生态系统生态平衡生态区域生态小区landsystemlandclassificationlandtypelandunitlandelementlandfacetfacetcombinationterraincharacteristicsecogeographygeoecologylandscapeecologyecosystemecologicalbalanceecoregionecodistict生态地段生态区生态点自然资源可再生资源非可再生资源灾害地理学自然灾害ecosectionecotopeecositenaturalresourcesrenewableresourcesnonrenewableresourceshazardgeographynaturalhazard503地貌学地貌学地貌地貌年代学地貌成因地貌形成作用气候地貌学动力地貌学地貌量计学人工地貌平原低地高地丘陵geomorphologylandformgeomorphochronologygeomorphogenesis,landformgenesislandformformingprocessclimaticgeomorphologydynamicgeomorphologygeomorphometryanthropogeniclandformsplainlowlandhighlandhill山山脉岭峰山麓半岛岛屿群岛海峡地峡海拔（高度）相对高度山嘴盆地山间盆地mountainmountainrange,mountainchainrange,ridgepeak,mountpiedmontpeninsulaislandarchipelagostraitisthmusaltitude,heightabovesealevelrelativeheightmountainspurbasinintermountainbasin6山间盆地山峰崖山麓平原高原峡谷谷沟谷冲沟山形山志阶地台地洼地坡地intermountainbasinmountainpeakcliff,scarppiedmontplainplateaugorge,canyonvalleyravinegullymountainformsorographyterracetableland,platformdepressionslope坡度基岩地貌过程侵蚀[作用]雨滴侵蚀剥蚀[作用]刻蚀溶蚀冲刷片蚀溯源侵蚀下切侵蚀侧[向侵]slope,gradientbedrockgeomorphologicalprocesserosionraindroperosiondenudationcorrasioncorrosionwash,erosionsheeterosionheadwarderosiondowncutting,incision,verticalerosionlateralerosion7掏蚀侵蚀基[准]面总侵蚀基[准]面局部侵蚀基[准]面裂点沉积作用堆积作用堆积物加积作用沉积相地貌世代地貌序列地形基面地貌组合正地貌undercuttingbaseleveloferosiongeneralbaselevellocalbaselevelknickpointsedimentation,depositiondeposition,accumulationdepositaggradationsedimentaryfaciesgenerationoflandformslandformsseriesbaselevellandformassemblagepositivelandform负地貌正常地貌倒置地貌地貌倒置刻蚀地貌夷平作用夷平面准平面剥蚀面山麓[侵蚀]面山麓侵蚀平面山顶面侵蚀循环回春作用negativelandformnormallandforminvertedlandforminversionoflandformerosionallandformplanationsurfacepeneplaindenudationsufaceerosionsurfacepedimentpediplainsummitplaneerosioncyclerejuvenation8相关沉积地壳均衡新构造运动构造地貌学丹霞地貌构造高原构造阶地单面山方山猪背脊线形现象断层崖断层线崖断层三角面correlatedsedimentsisostasyneotectonicmovementstructuralgeomorphology,tectonicgeomorphology“Danxia”landformstructuralplateaustructuralterracecuesta(西）mesahogbackridgelineamentfaultscarpfault-linescarptriangularfacet断层谷断块山火山火山作用风化[作用]物理风化[作用]化学风化[作用]生物风化[作用]机械风化[作用]差异风化[作用]风化层残积土残积物残积层风化壳triangularfacetfaultvalleyblockmountainvolcanoweatheringphysicalweatheringchemicalweatheringbiologicalweatheringmechanicalweatheringdifferentialweatheringregolithresidualsoileluviumeluviumweatheredcrust9正残积风化壳碎屑型风化壳硅铝粘土型风化壳硅铝碳酸盐型风化壳硅铝－氧化物－硫酸盐风化壳硅铝－铁质和富铝型风化壳剥落页状剥落块状崩落结壳作用块状崩落结壳作用盐屑堆盐屑锥orthoeluvialweatheredcrustclasticweatheredcrustsiallite-clayweatheredcrustsiallite-carbonateweatheredcrustsiallite-chloride-sulphatewea-theredcrustsiallite-ferriteandallitewea-theredcrustexfoliation,desquamationexfoliationcrumblingincrustationcrumblingincrustationtalustaluscone山麓堆积坡积物坡水堆积物土体蠕动滑塌滑坡泥石流泥流岩崩流水地貌学流水地貌冲积物冲积层冲积锥冲积扇talusslopedepositdeluviumsoilcreepcollapselandslide,landslipdebrisflowmudflowrockfallfluvialgeomorphologyfluviallandformalluvium，alluvialdepositalluviumalluvialconealluvialfan10洪积物洪积层洪积扇河床河漫滩汇水区流域分水岭辫状河曲流天然堤滨河床沙坝凸岸坝牛轭湖离堆山proluvium，proluvialdepositproluviumproluvialfanriverbedfloodplaincatchmentareadrainagearea，basinwaterdivide，divide，watershedbraidedstreammeandernaturalleveechannelbar，sandbarpointbarox-bowlakemeandercore，