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11、theLostGenerationIngeneral,thepost-WorldWarIgeneration,butspecificallyagroupofU.S.writerswhocameofageduringthewarandestablishedtheirliteraryreputationsinthe1920s.ThetermstemsfromaremarkmadebyGertrudeSteintoErnestHemingway,“Youareallalostgeneration.”HemingwayuseditasanepigraphtoTheSunAlsoRises(1926).Thegenerationwas“lost”inthesensethatitsinheritedvalueswerenolongerrelevantinthepostwarworldandbecauseofitsspiritualalienationfromaU.S.that,baskingunderPresidentHarding's“backtonormalcy”policy,seemedtoitsmemberstobehopelesslyprovincial,materialistic,andemotionallybarren.ThetermembracesHemingway,F.ScottFitzgerald,JohnDosPassos,e.e.cummingsandmanyotherwriterswhomadeParisthecentreoftheirliteraryactivitiesinthe'20s.Theywereneveraliteraryschool.Inthe1930s,asthesewritersturnedindifferentdirections,theirworkslostthedistinctivestampofthepostwarperiod.ThelastrepresentativeworksoftheerawereFitzgerald'sTenderLostgenerationThelostgenerationisatermfirstusedbySteintodescribethepost-warIgenerationofAmericanwriters:menandwomenhauntedbyasenseofbetrayalandemptinessbroughtaboutbythedestructivenessofthewar.2fullofyouthfulidealism,theseindividualssoughtthemeaningoflife,drankexcessively,hadloveaffairsandcreatedsomeofthefinestAmericanliteraturetodate.3thethreebest-knownrepresentativesoflostgenerationareF.ScottFitzgerald,HemingwayandJohndosPassos.LostgenerationTheLostGenerationisagroupofexpatriateAmericanwritersresidingprimarilyinParisduringthe1920sand1930s.ThegroupwasgivenitsnamebytheAmericanwriterGertrudeStein,whoused“alostgeneration”torefertoexpatriateAmericansbitterabouttheirWorldWarIexperiencesanddisillusionedwithAmericansociety.HemingwaylaterusedthephraseasanepigraphforhisnovelTheSunAlsoRises.ItconsistedofmanyinfluentialAmericanwriters,includingErnestHemingway,F.ScottFitzgerald,WilliamCarlosWilliamsandArchibaldMacLeish.2、IcebergTheoryItisatermusedtodescribethewritingstyleofAmericanwriterErnestHemingway.Themeaningofapieceisnotimmediatelyevident,becausethecruxofthestoryliesbelowthesurface,justasmostofthemassofarealicebergsimilarlyliesbeneaththesurface.IcebergTheoryErnestHemingway’s“icebergtheory”suggeststhatthewriterincludeinthetextonlyasmallportionofwhatheknows,leavingaboutninetypercentofthecontentamysterythatgrowsbeneaththesurfaceofthewriting.Ifawriterofproseknowsenoughaboutwhatheiswritingabouthemayomitthingsthatwillhaveafeelingof2thosethingsasstronglyasthoughthewriterhadstatedthem.Thedignityofmovementofanicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.AgoodwriterdoesnotneedtorevealeverydetailofacharacteroractionThereisseven-eighthsofitunderwaterforeverypartthatshows.Anythingyouknowyoucaneliminateanditonlystrengthensyouriceberg.Itisthepartthatdoesn’tshow.(1938)（PPT）3、CodeheroTheHemingwayheroisanaveragemanofdecidedlymasculinetastes,sensitiveandintelligent,amanofaction,andoneoffewwords.Thatisanindividualistkeepingemotionsundercontrol,stoicandself-disciplinedinadreadfulplace.Thesepeopleareusuallyspiritualstrong,peopleofcertainskills,andmostofthemencounterdeathmanytimes.TheheroesinhisbookareallhavesomethingincommonwhichHemingwayvalues:theyhaveseenthecoldworldandforonecauseoranother,theyboldlyandcourageouslyfacethereality;whatevertheresultis,theyarereadytolivewithgraceunderpressure.TheHemingwaycodeherohasanindestructiblespiritforhisoptimisticviewoflife,thoughheispessimisticthatisHemingway.4、StreamofconsciousnessThecontinuousflowofsense-perceptions,thoughts,feelings,andmemoriesinthehumanmind:oraliterarymethodofrepresentingsuchablendingofmentalprocessesinfictionalcharacters,usuallyinanunpunctuatedordisjointformofinteriormonologue.注：sense-perceptions：认知，观念blending：混合物unpunctuated:未加标点的Disjoint：脱节5、ImagismApoeticmovementofEnglandandtheU.S.thatflourishedfrom1909to1917.Themovementinsistsonthecreationofimagesinpoetryby“thedirecttreatmentofthething”andtheeconomyofwording.“poetictechniquestorecordexactlythemomentaryimpressions”TheleadersofthismovementwereEzraPoundandAmyLowell.ThreemainprinciplesoftheImagistMovement(1912):[1]directtreatmentofpoeticsubjects[2]eliminationofmerelyornamentalorsuperfluouswords,tousenowordthatdoesnotcontributetothepresentation.[3]rhythmicalcompositioninthesequenceofthemusicalphraseratherthaninthesequenceofametronome.[4]pound’sInaStationoftheMetroisawell-knownpoem.Majorfeatures:---itwasoneofthemostessentialtechniqueofwritingpoetryinmodernperiod.3---withaspiritofrevoltagainstconventions,imagismwasanti—romanticandanti-victorian---Inasense,imagismwasequivalenttonaturalisminfiction---itproducedfreeversewithoutimposingarhythmicalpattern.---Imagismtriedtorecordobjectiveobservationsofanobjectorasituationwithoutinterpretationorcommentbythepoet.---itproducedfreeversewithoutimposingarhythmicalpattern.---Imagismtriedtorecordobjectiveobservationsofanobjectorasituationwithoutinterpretationorcommentbythepoet.Themostoutstandingfigures:EzraPoundAmyLowellHildaDoolittleTheformoffreeverse(EzraLoomisPound)影响itsinfluence1)theimagisttheoriescallforbrieflanguage,describingtheprecisepictureinasfewwordsaspossible.Thisnewwayofpoetrycomposit