复数-动词ing-过去式-比较级-adj.-adv.三单变化规则

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一、名词变复数规则:1.一般名词复数是在名词后面加上“s”,如map→maps,bag→bags,book-books等;2.以s,x,sh,ch结尾的词加“es”,如bus→buses,watch→watches,box-boxes等;3.以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,去掉f,fe加ves的名词有:half→halvesknife→knivesleaf→leaveswolf→wolveswife→wiveslife→livesthief→thieves4.以o结尾的名词变复数时:a)加s的名词有:photo→photos,piano→pianos,radio→radios,zoo→zoosb)加es的名词有:potato→potatoestomato→tomatoes5.以辅音字母+y结尾的词,变y为i加es,如baby→babies,family-families,study-studies等;以元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数,如monkey→monkeys,holiday→holidays,storey→storeys(楼层);6.oo变ee的单词:foot-feet,goose-geese,tooth-teeth;7.a变e的单词:man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen;8.复数与原形一致的单词:fish-fish,sheep-sheep,deer-deer,Chinese-Chinese,Japanese-Japanese;9.最特殊的一个:German-Germans.二、第三人称单数时动词变化规则:1、一般现在时主语为第三人称单数时的动词变化①在一般现在时中,当主语为第三人称单数时,动词要用“s”型(即第三人称单数形式)。②所谓动词“s”型的构成,可按名词变复数的规则来记,即:1.在动词尾直接加s。如:play—plays,want—wants,work—works,know—knows,help—helps,get—gets)2.以字母s、x、ch、sh或o结尾的动词加-es;如:guess—guesses,fix—fixes,teach—teaches,brush—brushes,go—goes,do—does,watch—watches,catch—catches)3.以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加-es。如:study—studies,carry—carries,fly—flies,worry—worries三、动词加ing变化规则:1、一般情况下,在动词原形后面直接加ing,e.g.go-going,doing,walking,talking,speaking,sleeping,cooking.2、以不发音的e结尾,去e加ing,e.g.shave(刮脸)-shaving,coming,living,dancing,making.3、在少数几个以–ie结尾的动词后:须将–ie变作y,再加-ing。eg.die–dying;tie–tying,lie–lying4、以重读闭音节结尾的多音节动词,而末尾只有一个辅音字母时,(也就是“辅元辅”将这个辅音字母双写(x除外),然后再加–ing.sit–sitting;run–running;begin–beginning;forget–forgetting特别要注意:这和第三人称一般现在时的词尾变化不同,动词词尾如为“辅音字母+y”时不变,在其后直接加–ing。eg.study–studying;carry–carrying;fly–flying;worry–worrying四、形容词比较级和最高级形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的变化规律:1.单音节形容词或副词后面直接加-er或-esttall—taller—tallestfast—faster—fastest2.以-e结尾的单音节形容词或副词直接加-r或-stlarge—larger—largestnice—nicer—nicest3.以-y结尾的形容词或副词,改-y为-i再加-er或-estbusy—busier—busiestearly—earlier—earliest4.形容词或副词是重读闭音节时,双写最后的辅音字母,再加-er或-esthot—hotter—hottestbig—bigger—biggest5.多音节形容词或副词前面直接加more或mostdelicious—moredelicious—mostdeliciousbeautiful—morebeautiful—mostbeautiful6.不规则变化good(well)—better—bestbad(badly)—worse—worst不规则变化原级比较级最高级good/wellbetterbestbad/illworseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastoldolder(新旧或年龄)/elder(兄弟姐妹的长幼关系)oldest/eldestfarfarther(表示距离,译为“更远”)/further(表示程度,译为“进一步的”)farthest/furthest五、动词过去式和过去分词的变化规则动词过去式和过去分词有规则变化和不规则变化两种1.规则变化1.一般情况直接加ed,如ask—asked,work—worked2.以不发音的e结尾,只加d,如love—loved,dance—danced3.以辅音字母加y结尾,把y变为i,再加ed,如try—tried,study—studied4.以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读闭音节结尾的动词(以重读闭音节或r音节结尾而末尾只有一个辅音字母),先双写末尾这个辅音字母,再加ed,如stop—stopped,permit—permitted注:A.以l结尾的动词,尾音节重读时,双写l,如control—controlled;尾音节不重读时,双不双写都可以,如travel—traveled(美)/travelled(英)。B.特例:picnic—picnicked—picnicked(去野餐),traffic—trafficked—trafficked(交易,在…通行)C.读音与说明:①.-ed在清辅音音素后发音为[t]:helped,liked,finished,fetched,stopped,clapped②.-ed在浊辅音和元音后发音为[d]:believed,changed,planned,preferred,followed,stayed③.-ed在[t]、[d]后发音为[id]:wanted,needed,admitted,permitted六、形容词转换为副词的变化规则规则变化范围变化规则例词大部分形容词加lycareless----carelesslyquiet----quietlydifferent----differently以le结尾的形容词变le为lypossible----possiblyterrible----terriblycomfortable----comfortablygentle----gentlysimple----simply以y结尾的形容词变y为ilyeasy----easilyangry----angrilynoisy----noisilyhappy----happilyheavy----heavilyhealthy----healthily不规则变化本身既是形容词也是副词,无需改变fast----fastearly----earlyhigh----highhard----hardlate----latefar----farwide----widealone----alone形容词和副词为完全不同的单词good----well初中阶段唯一一个需要去掉字母e的单词true----truly虽然以ly结尾,但却是形容词,不能直接用来修饰动词FriendlylivelylovelylonelyLikely有些形容词本身即为副词,同时也有加ly的副词形式。但加不加ly意思不一样,使用时需注意wide(形容词,宽阔的,睁大的)----wide(副词,睁大地)/widely(副词,广泛地),late(形容词,晚的)-----late(副词,晚地),lately(最近)high(形容词,高的)----high(副词,高地)/highly(副词,高度地)特别容易犯错的副词形容词副词备注hardhardhard副词容易写成hardly,hardly意思为“几乎不”,与hard无任何关系friendly无不能用friendly直接修饰动词,只能改成inafriendlyway“用一种友好的方式”。如:Hesmiledatmeinafriendlyway.excitedexcitedly容易拼错healthyhealthily容易拼错politepolitely不用去掉字母e。类似的词还有:widely,nicely,closely,

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