二语习得概念

1.Whatismothertongue/nativelanguage?Generally,mothertongueisthefirstlanguageachildhaslearnedfrombirth.Becauseofthis,itisoftencalledfirstlanguage.Inmostcase,aperson’sL1andhismothertonguemeanthesame.Butthereisstilldifferent,forexample,achildwasborninaforeigncountry.2.whatisSLA?Secondlanguageacquisitionrefersbothtothestudyofindividualsandgroupswhoarelearningalanguagesubsequenttolearningtheirfirstoneasyoungchildren,andtotheprocessoflearningthatlanguage.Theadditionallanguageiscalledasecondlanguage(L2),eventhoughitmayactuallybethethird,fourth,ortenthtobeacquired.Itisalsocommonlycalledatargetlanguage,whichreferstoanylanguagethatistheaimorgoaloflearning.3.what’sfirstlanguage?Alanguagewhichisacquiredduringearlychildhood-normallybeginningbeforetheageofaboutthreeyears-andthattheyarelearnedaspartofgrowingupamongpeoplewhospeakthem.4.what’ssecondlanguage?Itistypicallyanofficialorsocietallydominantlanguageneededforeducation,employment,andotherbasicpurpose.Itisoftenacquiredbyminoritygroupmembersorimmigrantswhospeakantherlanguagenatively.Inthismorerestrictedsense,thetermiscontrastedwithothertermsinthislist.5.thedifferencebetweenacquisitionandlearning?Acquisition:pickingupasecondlanguagethroughexposure;learning:consciousstudyofalanguage.6.multilingualism:referstotheabilitytousetwoormorelanguages.Bilingualism:theabilitytousetwolanguages.Monolingualism:theabilitytouseonlyonelanguage.Simultaneousmultilingualism:referstotheacquisitionoftwoormorelanguagesatthesametime.Sequltaneousmultilingualismrefertotheacquisitionoftwoormorelanguagesoneafteranother.7.themotivationsofaddingsecondlanguageatanolderage.A.:invasionorconquestofone’scountrybyspeakersofanotherlanguage.B:aneedordesiretocontactspeakersofotherlanguageineconomicorotherspecificdomains.C:immigrationtoacountrywhereuseofalanguageotherthanone’sL1isrequired.D:adoptionofreligiousbeliefsandpracticeswhichinvolveuseofanotherlanguage.E:aneedordesiretopursueeducationalexperienceswhereaccessrequiresproficiencyinanotherlanguage.F:adesireforoccupationalorsocialadvancementwhichisfurtherbyknowledgeofanotherlanguage.G:aninterestinknowingmoreaboutpeoplesofotherculturesandhavingaccesstotheirtechnologiesliteratures.8.howdoyouthinkchildrenacquiretheirfirstlanguage?1)children’snaturaldesiretopleasetheirclottingparents.2)children’slanguageacquisitionispurposive,thattheydeveloplanguagebecauseoftheirurgetocommunicatetheirwantsandneedstothepeoplewhotakecareofthem.3).childrenlearnlanguagebyimitation.9.Theroleofnaturalability.Humanarebornwithanaturalabilityorinnatecapacitytolearnlanguage.Suchapredispositionmustbeassumedinordertoexplainseveralfacts.1)childrenbegintolearntheirL1atthesameage,andinmuchthesameway,whetheritisEnglish,Korean,oranyotherlanguageintheworld.2)ChildrenmasterthebasicphonologicalandgrammaticaloperationsintheirL1bytheageofaboutfiveorsix,asnotedabove,regardlessofwhatthelanguageis.3)childrencanunderstandandcreatenovelutterances:theyarenotlimitedtorepeatingwhattheyhaveheard,andindeedtheutterancesthatchildrenproduceareoftensystematicallydifferentfromthoseoftheadultsaroundthem.4)thereisacut-offageforL1acquisition,beyondwhichitcanneverbecomplete5)acquisition10.theroleofsocialexperienceA:notallofL1acquisitioncanbeattributedtoinnateability,forlanguagespecificlearningalsoplaysacrucialrole.B:socialexperience,includingL1inputandinteractionisthusanecessaryconditionforacquisition.L1VSL2INTHREESTAGESInitialstage:L1:innatecapacity：L2:L1knowledge:worldknowledgeinteractionskillsIntermediatestage:L1childgrammarbasicprocess;maturation:input,reciprocalinteraction.L2:transfer(positive&negative)input,feedback,aptitude,motivation,instructionFinalstage:L1:nativecompetence.L2:multilingualcompetence,fossilizationinSLA.Positivetransfer,whenanL1structureorruleisusedinanL2utteranceandthatuseisappropriateor“correct”intheL2:Negativetransfer,whenanL1structureorruleisusedinanL2utteranceandthatuseisinappropriateandconsideredan“error”.Facilitatingconditions:1)feedbackincludingcorrectionofL2learners’errors:2)aptitude,includingmemorycapacityandanalyticability:3)motivation,orneedanddesiretolearn:4)instruction,orexplicitteachinginschoolsettings.11.Whysomelinguisticbelievechildrenhavetheinnatecapacitytolearnlanguage?Firstofall,childrenoftensaythingsthatadultsdonot.thisisespeciallytrueofchildren’stendencytouseregularpatternstoformpluralsorpasttenseonwordsthatwouldhaveirregularformation.Next,childrenuselanguageinaccordancewithgeneraluniversalrulesoflanguageeventhoughtheyhavenotyetdevelopedthecognitiveabilitynecessarytounderstandtheserules.Finally,patternsofchildren’slanguagedevelopmentarenotdirectlydeterminedbytheinputtheyreceive.12.Thedifferencebetweeninternal&externalfocustothestudyoflanguageacquisition.1)theinternalfocusseekstoaccountforspeakers’internalized,underlyingknowledgeoflanguage.2)theexternalfocusemphasizeslanguageuse,includingthefunctionsoflanguagewhicharerealizedinlearners’productionatdifferentstagesofdevelopment.13.Thenatureoflanguage.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolandspecificusedforhumancommunication.