非谓语动词用法精讲done

非谓语动词DOINGDONETODO非谓语动词动名词gerund不定式infinitive分词participle非谓语动词1．性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：除谓语以外一切成分。2．形式•不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。•动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。•分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语形成分主语定语宾语表语状语宾语补足语不定式过去分词××v-ing形式•3．语态：必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，从而来确定非谓语动词态的语态。过去分词DONE动词－ed形式也是非谓语动词的一种，它具有动词的一些特点，同时也具有形容词、副词的句法功能，在句中可用作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足等。1动词－ed形式表示已完成的动作。除了作形容词用的动词-ed形式外，动词-ed形式可带有完成的意义，有的同时也带有被动的意义。Bornandbroughtupinthecountryside,hewasinterestedinbiology.Oneoftheglasseswasfoundbroken.Thebooks,writtenbyLuXun,arepopularwithmanyChinesepeople.2及物动词的－ed形式一般表示被动的意思。Givenmoretime,Icouldhavesolvedthatriddle.WhenyouspeakEnglish,besuretomakeyourselfunderstood.Theexperiencegainedinthearmywasofgreatvaluetoourstudy.3不及物动词－ed形式只表示完成的意义，并不带有被动的含义。anescapedprisoner逃犯=aprisonerwhohasescapedaretiredworker退休工人=aworkerwhohasretiredanewlyarrivedguest新来的客人=aguestwhohasjustarrivedPeopleshouldpayattentiontothechangedsituation.A动词－ed形式作表语1动词－ed形式在连系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。Thestudentsarefullyprepared.Whenwegotthere,theshopwasclosed.比较要把动词-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的-ed形式表示状态，被动语态表示被动动作。PetertheGreatisburiedhere.PetertheGreatwasburiedherein1725.2同一动词的－ed形式与－ing形式作表语时的区别。动词-ed形式作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，含有被动的意思，动词-ing形式作表语多表示主语具有的特征，含有主动的意思。Theywerefrightenedtohearthefrighteningsound.Atthesightofthemovingscene,allthepeoplepresentweremoved.比较：amusing使人高兴的amused开心的encouraging鼓舞人心的encouraged受鼓励的disappointing令人失望的disappointed失望的exciting使人激动的excited激动的puzzling迷惑人的puzzled迷惑的satisfying令人满意的satisfied感到满意的Worrying令人烦恼的worried烦恼的tiring引起疲劳的tired疲劳的pleasing令人愉快的pleased高兴的astonishing令人惊讶的astonished惊讶的1）分词与动名词作表语时的区别：1.Ourplanis_finishing_(finish)thetaskbeforeMay.2.Tom’sjobwas_guarding_(guard)thefactory.3.Hislectureisinteresting(interest),whichmadeusinterested(interest).4.Thesituationisencouraging(encourage).B动词－ed形式作宾语补足语当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时，一般应用动词-ed形式作宾语补足语。1在感觉动词see,hear,feel,notice,watch,find等后作宾语补足语。IheardtheNinthSymphonyplayedlastnight.Wefoundalltheriversseriouslypolluted.比较动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。Icouldn'tgetthecartostartthismorning.Hegothissistertohelphimwithhisclothes.Itisnothardtogethimtalking;theproblemisstoppinghim!2在使役动词get,have,make,leave,keep等后作宾语补足语。①动词-ed形式作get的宾语补足语。Dorisgotherbadtoothpulledoutinthehospital.I'lljustgetthesedisheswashedandthenI'llcome.②动词-ed形式作make的宾语补足语。Heraisedhisvoiceinordertomakehimselfheard.Youshouldmakeyourviewsknowntothepublic.③动词-ed形式作keep或leave的宾语补足语。Theyallwenthome,leavingalltheworkundone.Thedetectiveandhisassistantkeptthemselveslockedintheroomallnight.比较动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。Icouldn'tgetthecartostartthismorning.Itisnothardtogethimtalking;theproblemisstoppinghim!Canyoureallygetthatoldclockgoingagain?点津坊动词make后的宾语补足语可用不带to的动词不定式或动词-ed形式，但不可用动词-ing形式。【误】Canyoumakethestudentsunderstandingthetext?【正】Canyoumakethestudentsunderstandthetext?【正】Canyoumakethetextunderstoodbythestudents?④使役动词have后既可接动词-ed形式，也可接动词不定式和动词-ing形式作宾语补足语。三者之间有一定的区别。have不定式动作由have的宾语发出，表示让某人做某事I‘mgoingtohavetheteacheranswerthisquestionafterclass.1.让某人做某事或让某种情况发生。Hehadthecarwaitingoutside.2.常用于否定结构，表示“不容忍”、“不能让”。Wewon‘thavethechildtalkingtohismotherlikethat.④使役动词have后既可接动词-ed形式，也可接动词不定式和动词-ing形式作宾语补足语。三者之间有一定的区别。Have1.宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，表示某事由别人做。*Wheredidyouhaveyourhaircut?2.表示主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境。*Thehousehaditsroofblownoff.3.完成某事(自己也可能参与)。*Hehashadonethousandyuansaved.4.否定式表示“不允许”。*Iwon‘thaveanythingsaidagainsther.3动词－ed形式也可用在with(without)结构中，作介词的宾语补足语。Witheverythingwellarranged,helefttheoffice.Shehascomebackwithherbackpackfilledwithinterestingpicture-books.Withoutanymoretimegiven,wecouldn‘tfinishthetaskinthreeweeks.4某些动词后(如want,need,prefer,wouldlike等)，作宾语补足语的不定式被动形式省略“tobe”，就成了动词－ed形式作宾语补足语。Iwouldlikethismatter(tobe)settledimmediately.Thepeasantsdon'twantgoodfarmland(tobe)builton.3）现在分词与过去分词作宾语补足语的区别：+sbdo(经常性动作)+sbdoingsth.（正在进行）+sthdone（被动）1.Iusedtoseetheseboys____(play)ontheplayground.2.Isawthem_____(play)thecomputerthisafternoon.3.Shewassurprisedtofindthehouse_____(break)intowhenshewentbackhome.4.Unfortunately,hegothiswallet_____(steal)onthebus.5.Hewon’thaveus_____(criticize)him.6.It’sabadhabittoleavethework______(undo).7.YesterdayIcaughthim_____(take)mydictionarywhenIwentintotheclassroom.C动词－ed形式作定语1前置定语单个动词-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前。Awatchedpotneverboils.心急锅不开。Allthebrokendoorsandwindowshavebeenrepaired.所有的坏门窗都修好了。我们到达的时候，每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷Whenwearrived,weeachweregivenaprintedquestionpaper.提示如要表示强调，单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。Moneyspentismorethanmoneyearned.入不敷出。2后置定语作后置定语的动词-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。Wehavereadmanynovelswrittenbythisauthor.(=thatarewrittenbythisauthor)Halfofthehonouredguestsinvitedtothereceptionwereforeignambassadors.(=whohadbeeninvitedtothereception)Themeeting,attendedbyonethousandstudents,wasasuccess.(=whichwasattendedbyonethousandstudents)Awoman,dressedlikealawyer,cameinandtookherseatasjudge.(=whowasdressedlikealawyer)3动词－ed形式作定语和－ing形式作定语的区别动词-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成，而动词-ing形式作定语表示动词正在进行。therisensun升起了的太阳therisingsun正在升起的太阳boiledwater开水boilingwater正沸腾的水fallenleaves落