_家Eugene_Nida

_作家Eugene_NidaEugeneNidaEugeneA.Nida(bornNovember11,1914)isthedeveloperofthedynamic-equivalenceBible-translationtheory.奈达的“功能对等”和中国传统的“神化说”【resemblanceinspirit]是美国翻译理论家LawrenceVenuti是两种不同的翻译理论，奈达“功能对等”翻译理论在中国广为传播的主要原因，在于它和中国传统“神化说”翻译理论有异曲同工之妙，更能为中国翻译理论家们所接受。中国的翻译理论应本着“求同存异”的原则学习西方翻译理论，才能不断发展完善。钱钟书reachingtheacmeofperfecteterNewmark是英国翻译研究界的元老，现为英国萨里大学（SurreyUniversity）的教授。他在其成名之作《翻译研究途径》（ApproachestoTranslation,1981）中所提出的“语义翻译”与“交际翻译”之说在翻译教学与翻译研究界几乎人人皆知，至今仍有其理论价值与实践价值。严复：信达雅勒菲弗尔的改写论,AndréLefevere'sRewritingTheory,音标,读音...ForeignizingTranslationorMinoritizingTranslation）和归化翻译法（或归化法）（DomesticatingTranslationorDomestication）是美国翻译理论家LawrenceVenutiLifeNidawasborninOklahomaCity,OklahomaonNovember11,1914.HebecameaChristianatayoungage,whenherespondedtothealtarcallathischurch“toacceptChristasmySaviour.”HegraduatedsummacumlaudefromtheUniversityofCaliforniain1936.AftergraduatingheattendedCampWycliffe,whereBibletranslationtheorywastaught.HeministeredforashorttimeamongtheTarahumaraIndiansinMexico,untilhealthproblemsduetoaninadequatedietandthehighaltitudeforcedhimtoleave.Sometimeinthisperiod,NidabecameafoundingchartermemberofWycliffeBibleTranslators,asisterorganizationoftheSummerInstituteofLinguistics.In1937,NidaundertookstudiesattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,whereheobtainedaMaster’sDegreeinNewTestamentGreekin1939.Inthatsameyear,EugeneNidabecameinterimpastorofCalvaryChurchofSantaAna,CA,afterthefoundingpastorresignedin1939.Inspiteofhisconservativebackground,inlateryearsNidabecameincreasinglyecumenicalandNewEvangelicalinhisapproach.In1943NidareceivedhisPh.D.inLinguisticsfromtheUniversityofMichigan,hewasordainedasaBaptistminister,andhemarriedAltheaLucilleSprague.ThecoupleremainedmarrieduntilAltheaSpragueNida'sdeathin1993.In1997,NidamarriedDr.ElenaFernandez,atranslatorandinterpreter.Nidaretiredintheearly1980sandcurrentlylivesinBrussels,Belgium.CareerIn1943NidabeganhiscareerasalinguistwiththeAmericanBibleSociety(ABS).HewasquicklypromotedtoAssociateSecretaryforVersions,thenworkedasExecutiveSecretaryforTranslationsuntilhisretirement.NidawasinstrumentalinengineeringthejointeffortbetweentheVaticanandtheUnitedBibleSocieties(UBS)toproducecross-denominationalBiblesintranslationsacrosstheglobe.Thisworkbeganin1968andwascarriedoninaccordancewithNida'stranslationprincipleofFunctionalEquivalence.TranslationandLinguisticTheoriesNidahasbeenapioneerinthefieldsoftranslationtheoryandlinguistics.HisPh.D.dissertation,ASynopsisofEnglishSyntax,wasthefirstfull-scaleanalysisofamajorlanguageaccordingtothe“immediate-constituent”theory.HismostnotableandmostcontroversialcontributiontotranslationtheoryisDynamicEquivalence,alsoknownasFunctionalEquivalence.Thisapproachtotranslationaimstoreproducetheintentionoftheoriginaltextinthetranslation,ratherthanreproducingtheactualwordsoftheoriginal.Formoreinformation,see“Dynamicandformalequivalence.”Nidaalsodevelopedthe“componential-analysis”technique,whichsplitwordsintotheircomponentstohelpdetermineequivalenceintranslation(e.g.“bachelor”=male+unmarried).Thisis,perhaps,notthebestexampleofthetechnique,thoughitisthemostwell-known.Nida'sdynamic-equivalencetheoryisoftenheldinoppositiontotheviewsofphilologistswhomaintainthatanunderstandingofthesourcetext(ST)canbeachievedbyassessingtheinter-animationofwordsonthepage,andthatmeaningisself-containedwithinthetext(i.e.muchmorefocusedonachievingsemanticequivalence).NidaandVenutihaveprovedthattranslationstudiesisamuchmorecomplexdisciplinethanmayfirstappear,withthetranslatorhavingtolookbeyondthetextitselftodeconstructonanintra-textuallevelanddecodeonareferentiallevel—assessingculture-specificitems,idiomandfigurativelanguagetoachieveanunderstandingofthesourcetextandembarkuponcreatingatranslationwhichnotonlytransferswhatwordsmeaninagivencontext,butalsorecreatestheimpactoftheoriginaltextwithinthelimitsofthetranslator'sownlanguagesystem(linkedtothistopic:GeorgeSteiner,theHermeneuticMotion,pragmatics,field,tenor,modeandthelocutionary,illocutionaryandperlocutionary).Forexample,astatementthatJesus“met”someonemustbecarefullytranslatedintoalanguagewhichdistinguishesbetween“metforthefirsttime”,“methabitually”andsimple“met”.NidawasoncecriticisedforacontroversialchangeintheRevisedStandardVersionBibletranslationregardingtheremovaltheword“virgin”fromIsaiah7:14.However,asPeterThuesen'sbookInDiscordancewiththeScripturespointsout,Nidawasnotactuallyacommitteememberforthatproject.WorksPublishedWorksincludethefollowing:?LinguisticInterludes-(Glendale,CA:SummerInstituteofLinguistics,1944(Revised1947))?TheBibleTranslator-(JournalfoundedandeditedbyDr.Nida(retired),1949-)?Morphology:TheDescriptiveAnalysisofWords-(Univ.ofMichiganPress,1949)?MessageandMission-(Harper,1960)?Customs,CultureandChristianity-(TyndalePress,1963)?TowardaScienceofTranslating-(Brill,1964)?ReligionAcrossCultures-(Harper,1968)?TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation-(Brill,1969,withC.R.Taber)?LanguageStructureandTranslation:Essays-(StanfordUniversityPress,1975)?FromOneLanguagetoAnother-(Nelson,1986,withJandeWaard)?TheGreek-EnglishLex