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国际经济学newchap9Ch-9NontariffTradeBarriersandNewProtectionismèQuotanon-tarifftradebarrier.directtheamountofagoodallowedtobeimportedorexported.theformsofquotas?我国对粮、棉、油等重要的大宗农产品实行关税配额制，即对这些农产品的年进口量分别规定配额，配额限定的数量内适用现行的税率，超过配额的部分可以征收高额关税。Theeffectsofanimportquota?Fig9-1ComparisonofPartialequilibriumeffectsofanImportQuotaandanImportComparisonofanImportQuotatoanImportTariffa.Withagivenimportquota,anincreaseindemandhigherdomesticpriceandgreaterdomesticproductionWithagivenimporttariff,anincreaseindemanddomesticpriceanddomesticproductionunchangedbutwillresultinhigherconsumptionandimportsb.Thequotainvolvesthedistributionofimportquotamonopolyprofitsbribegovernmentofficialsc.Animportquotalimitsimportstothespecifiedlevelwithcertainty,whilethetradeeffectofanimporttariffmaybeuncertain.PartialequilibriumeffectofanImportDemandcurvebeforedemandchangedConsumptionunderfreetradePW=2undera30XimportquotaAtmost30X30XNewDemandcurveèHowdifferentistheresultoftheimportquotafromImportTariff?DomesticPriceunchangedDomesticProductionunchangedAssumecountryAisasmallnationpeanutsatthepridemandcurveis★重点èVoluntaryExportRes(or“OrderlyMarketingArrangement--thecasewhereanimportingcountryinducesanotherVERinrealworld?1979年，石油价格急涨和暂时汽油短缺使美国需求转向小型车，日本厂生产商进入美国市场。美国产量下滑，国内强大政治力量要求保护美国汽车工业。?既实行保护主义，又不违反èEconomiceffectsalltheeconomiimportquotas,administeredbythe(1)ReluctantlytocurbtheirèManytechnical,administrative,and?TechnicalBartechnicalstandard?DiscriminatoryGovernmentProcurement当满足一般的技术性标准物福利等新花样又会被纳入技术性贸易壁垒中。就算在同一种技术壁垒中，由于技术指标的繁多，技术性贸易壁垒也有很大的?例如，由于20口肉鸡，而当中国努力通过整改达标后则又以2021年第六届世界华商大会期间，南京地产名牌“桂花牌”盐水鸭作为秦淮小吃“八绝”中的一绝，被端上“秦淮风情晚宴”招待意大利华人协会会长陈光都对桂花鸭更是赞不绝口，当场递了一张纸条给在场的南京市政府办公厅负责人，要求帮助联系参观考察桂花鸭公司。考察后，陈光都当即与桂花鸭公司商定要将桂花鸭引进意大利和欧洲市场。正当很多人认为南京人为之骄傲的桂花鸭走出国门指日可待时，南京市桂花鸭公司总经理却十分低调地告诉记者，由于国内外食品检验标准及认证方式差异很大，即使是桂花鸭这样的国内公认的名牌产品，要想很快走出国门也并非易事。è?Aninternationalcartelsuppliersofacommodinations(oragroupofgovernments)thatagreestorestrictoutputandexportsofthecommodièDumpingatbelowcostcommodityatadomestically(1)PersistentDumpingThreeformsofdumpingpersistentdumpingisthecontinuoustomaximizetotalhigherpriceinthedomesticmarketthaninternationallyPredatorydumping----(IntermittentDumping)Anti-dumpingpredatorydumpiprotectdomesticindustriesfromcompetitionDifficultyTrigger-pricemechanismèLow-interestloansnationsgiveforeiexportslow-interestloanstofinancpurchasethroughagenciessuExport-ImportBankExportCreditSupplier’screditBuyer’scredit(TiedLoan)exporterExporter’sbankImporterImorter’sbankBuyer’screditsbankprovideloanstothe?上海石化总厂建行建议采用意大利的出口买方信贷，最后融资2628万USD?2021年12月合为安哥拉财政部提供贷融资。这一项目将为中信银行带来高达元的安排费收入Measurement:commercialloanPEAofanExportSubsidy(WelfareanalysisofexportsubsidiesonXinsmallNation2)DomesticpriceExportsubsidy=H’J’M’N’=$0.5perunit×30X=$15WorldSmallNation2Q:whywouldanationsubsidizeexports?----Domesticproducerslobby----Desiredhigh-techindustry----Largenationcase3.ThePoliticalEconomyofProtectionismandStrategicèTwoFallaciousèTraderestrictionsareneededtoprotectforeignlaborèQualifiedInfant-Industrythatanationmaycommodityandtheinitialsmalllevelofoutput,theindustrywillnotbesetupor,ièOtherQualified(1)Externaleconomyindustrygeneratesanexternaleconomiislikelytobeunder-investmentintheindustry(becausetheindustrycannotreceivethefullbenefitfromitsinvestment).Nodoubt,iNote:TheonlywayoptimumtariffPower----reasonforimportbarriers.Iftheicountryislargeenough(solargethatirestrictionsmayleadtoPwuseitsmarketpowertorestoftheworld.PaymentswithoutsubsidyPaymentswithsubsidyonPaymentswithsubsidyonbothèTheTradeAgreementsActof1934Leavethissectionforstudents.èTheGeneralAgreementonTari(GATT)IBRDAnticipatedèOutstandingTradeIssues(1)Agriculture;(2)Services;(3)Trade-relatedInvestment(directinvestment&portfolioinvestment)HowdifferentistheWTOfromtheoldGATT?a.TheWTOisheadquarteredinGeneva,wasbasicallyaprovisionaltreatb.TheWTOhasd.TheWTOcertain“sensitiveagricultureandtoleratedintheoldGATe.TheWTOisnotagovernment;individual1.Aquotaisadirectquantitativerestrictiononimportsorexports.Anconsumptionandproducti(equivalent)importtariff.Ifthegovernmentauctihighestbidderinacompetitivemarket,the2.Voluntaryexportrestraintswhereanimportingnationinducesanothernatitocurbitsexportsofacommodiunderthethreatofhirestrictions.Whensuccessful,theiasthatofan3.Aninternationalcartelsuppliersofacommodinations(oragroupofgovernments)thatagreestorestrictoutputandexportsofthecommoditywiththeaimofmaximizingorincreasingthetotalprofi4.TheargumentdomesticlaborscientifictariffquestionablethatprotectionisneededtounemploymentofpaymentsAmorevalidargument5.TheGATTisdevotedtofreertradebasedonnondiscrimination,consultatinontarifftradebarriers,nationsexperiencingbalance-of-paymentsdifficulties.6.TheUruguayRoundcompletedinDecember1993.Itcalledforthereductionof4.7percentto3percent,forquotastobereplacedby