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大学思辨英语精读Unit2SociologicalInvestigation参考答案Unit2SociologicalInvestigationTextAPreparatoryWork(1)Experiment:variable,hypothesis,stimulus,controlgroupSurveyResearch:sampling,questionnaire,interview,close-endedquestions,open-endedquestions,codesheet,telephonesurveyFieldResearch:observation,participantAnalysisofExistingData:contentanalysis,statistics(2)Hawthorneeffect:TheHawthorneeffect(alsoreferredtoastheobservereffect)isatypeofreactivityinwhichindividualsmodifyorimproveanaspectoftheirbehaviorinresponsetotheirawarenessofbeingobserved.TheoriginalresearchattheHawthorneWorksinCicero,Illinois,onlightingchangesandworkstructurechangessuchasworkinghoursandbreaktimeswereoriginallyinterpretedbyEltonMayoandotherstomeanthatpayingattentiontooverallworkerneedswouldimproveproductivity.Thisinterpretationwasdubbed―theHawthorneeffect‖.(3)(open)TeachingSuggestionYoucanusethedatabanksofthetwointernationalorganizationstocheckouttheworldoranyparticularcountry’sinformationintermsofGDP,population,territoryarea,humandevelopmentindexetc.TheUnitedNations():datapage:():::HowSociologyIsDone(Researchmethods/techniquesemployedin(1)―commonsense‖:Commonsenseisabasicabilitytoperceive,understand,andjudgethings,whichissharedby(―commonto‖)nearlyallpeopleandcanreasonablybeexpectedofnearlyallpeoplewithoutanyneedfordebate.However,manyofthecommonsensebeliefsareactuallylackinginsupportfromscientificevidencesandthereforebiasedandprejudiced.(2)Ordinarypeopleoftendefinetheirrealityandwhattheyknowthroughauthoritativeopinions,traditionalbeliefs,personalexperience,andmysticism(superstition).Themajordifferencesbetweenthiskindof―commonsense‖viewknowledgeandtheresults/factsidentifiedthroughscientificmethodsare:theformerarenotbasedonlogicalreasoningandhardevidencesandthereforetendtobesubjectiveandbiasedwhilethelatterarejustopposite.(3)Thethreemajorcomponentsofthescientificmethodaretheory,operationalization,andobservation.Theoryprovidesthefoundationforconceptssothatstatementsabouttherelationshipamongvariablescanbecreated.Operationalizationallowsforthemeasurementofthevariablessothattheymaybeempiricallyexamined.Andobservationinvolvestheactualcollectionofdatatotestthehypothesis.II.Evaluationandexploration(1)Anauthorityisaspecialistincertainfieldofknowledgethereforeanauthority,specializedknowledgefromanauthorityiscloserto―truth‖,butheisnotaknowing-allfigure,andhemightalsobebiasedinhisattitudetowardsomeissues.Atraditionisabelieforbehaviorpasseddownwithinagrouporsocietywithsymbolicmeaningorspecialsignificancewithoriginsinthepast.Theyarefollowedbyandconsideredrightbycertaingroupofpeople,butcannotappliedtoothergroupswhohavetheirowntradition;andsincetheyareformedandpasseddownfromthepast,theymightnotbeapplicabletothepresentworld.Religionsmaycontainsymbolicstories,whicharesometimessaidbyfollowerstobetrue,thathavethesidepurposeofexplainingtheoriginoflife,theUniverse,andotherthings.Traditionally,faith,inadditiontoreason,hasbeenconsideredasourceofreligiousbeliefs.However,religiousbeliefsmostlylackinempiricalorscientificproof.Personalexperienceisbasedonone’sreallifeandrealityandthereforecloserto―reality‖,butitisbasedonanindividual’sencounterandperspectiveonreality,andcannottotallyrepresentthecommonexperiencesharedbyagroupofpeople.MysticismispopularlyknownasbecomingonewithGodortheAbsolute,butmayrefertoanykindofecstasyoralteredstateofconsciousnesswhichisgivenareligiousorspiritualmeaning.Itmayalsorefertotheattainmentofinsightinultimateorhiddentruths,andtohumantransformationsupportedbyvariouspracticesandexperiences.Butitisbasedonreligionorsuperstition,evenfartherawayfrombeingobjectiveandscientific.(2)Sincesociologistsbasetheirresearchandconclusiononempiricalstudywithscientificmethod,itissimilartothedisciplinesofnaturalscience,buttherearetwofactorsthatdifferentiateitfromnaturalsciences.Theobjectofstudyishumanbeingwhocanbeverycomplicatedandchangewithtime.Alsothesociologistsarealsohumanbeingswhocanbesubjectiveorevenbiasedintheirstudy.Inthissense,sociologyisstillnotequaltonaturalscienceinobjectivity.(3)ThehypothesisoftheStanfordprisonexperimentisthatchangeofrolesorenvironmentcauseschangeofhumanbehavior(effect).Theindependentvariableisthetworoles（prisonerandprisonguard）assignedtothe24studentswhoareallrandomlyselected(sampling)fromamongtheuniversitystudents,andthedependentvariableistheir(changeof)behavior.(4)First,experimentsareoftennotpossiblebecausetheywouldexposesubjectstothepossibilityofharm.Forexample,whatifaresearcherwantedtoknowwhetherpeoplewhowereabusedasch