英语教学法教程PPTunit10

123real-lifecommunicationmayhavethefollowingfeatures:1)Sentencestendtobesimple2)Therearemoreincompletesentences,orfragments3)Languageisinformal,andvocabularytendstobesimple4)Theremaybebrokengrammar,falsestarts,hesitationandfillers5)Thereismorerepetitionandredundancy6)Languagetendstobeunplanned7)Thereislowdensityofinformation8)Communicationistextdependent9)Thereisturn-takingbetweentwospeakers10)Thespeakersareinterdependentandmutuallysupportive11)Thereisneedtocommunicate12)Thefocusisonmeaning13)Thereislittleerrorcorrection14)Thereisnonverbalresponse15)Thecontentisnotspecifiedinadvance.4DifferencesbetweenspokenlanguageandwrittenlanguageSpoken1.Spontaneous2.Sentencesareoftenincomplete,ungrammatical,andfullofhesitations,falsestarts,andredundancies3.Ifitisnotrecorded,spokenlanguagecan’tbelistenedtoagain.Itisexpectedtobeunderstoodimmediately.5Written1.Wellplanned2.Sentencesareoftencarefullyconstructedandwellorganised3.Writtenlanguageiscomparativelyspeakingpermanent.Itcanbereadasoftenasnecessary.6AimsoftheUnitTogettoknowthecharacteristicsofspokencommunicationTogettoknowthefactorsaffectingspeakingTogettoknowthecontentoforalinstructionTogettoknowthecharacteristicsforsuccessfulspeakingtasksTogettoknowtheapproachestoteachingspeaking7I.Teachingaimsinspeakingclass1)ToimproveSs’abilityofspeaking2)TogetSsmasterthecorrectpronunciation,intonationandrhythm,ect.3)TogetSsmasterthecommunicativefunctionsoflanguage4)TogetSsmasterthespeakingstrategies5)TogetSsmasterthenon-verbalstrategies6)TogetSstoknowabouttherelationshipbetweencommunicationandculture7)Toimprovetheirthinkingabilityincommunication82.Factorsthatinfluencespeakingability:1)Abilitytoexpress2)Vocabulary3)Communicationstrategies4)Correctpronunciation5)Correctingmistakes6)Atmosphere9Principlesforteachingspeaking1.Balancingaccuracy-basedwithfluency-basedpractices2.Contextualisingpractice.Itisimportantifstudentshavethechancetoexperiencethelanguageinmeaningfulcontexts,bothmeaningandtheusageofthestructureshouldbeobtained.3.Personalisingpractice.Helpstudentslearnbetterbypersonalisingthecontentandcontext.4.Buildingupconfidence.105.Maximisingmeaningfulinteractions.Makesurethattheinteractionismeaningfulandparticipationismaximum.6.Helpingstudentsdevelopspeakingstrategies7.Makingthebestuseofclassroomlearningenvironmenttoprovidesufficientlanguageinputandpracticeforthestudents.11Characteristicsofsuccessfulspeakingtasks1.Maximumforeigntalk:thestudentstalkalotintheforeignlanguage.(twocommonproblems)2.Evenparticipation:encouragespeakingfromasmanydifferentstudentsaspossible.3.Highmotivation4.Rightlanguagelevel.12Typesofcommunicativeactivities1.Information-gapactivities2.Dialoguesandrole-plays3.Activitiesusingpictures4.Problem-solvingactivities5.Otherspeakingactivities(Findsomeonewho…)6.Bingoactivities7.Changethestory8.Humanscrabble13TheframeworkfordefiningspeakingactivitiesbyLittlewoodPre-communicativeactivitiesa.Structuralactivitiesb.Quasi-communicativeactivitiesCommunicativeactivitiesa.Functionalcommunicationactivitiesb.Socialinteractionactivities14Pre-communicativeactivitiesmayincludedrilling,modelingandrepetition;focusedstructuraldialogues,controlledroleplays,usingcluesorpromptsforpractices,etc.Communicativeactivitiesincludeinformationgapactivities,problem-solvingactivities,discussions,debates,interviews,fluency-focusedgames,etc.15Controlledactivitiesmainlyfocusonformandaccuracy.Semi-controlledactivitiesfocusmoreonmeaningandcommunication.Communicativeactivitiesallowforrealinformationexchange161)Pronunciation2)Vocabularyandgrammar3)Communicativefunction4)SpeakingstrategiesIII.TeachingContent17IV.Teachingmodelofteachingspeaking3Pmodel:PresentationPracticeProduction18Themostcommonlyusedapproachesarethe3papproachandtask-basedapproach.Wewillmainlyteach3papproach,namelyPresentation-practice-production.Itreflectstheprocessprincipleoflanguageteaching.1.presentation1)whattopresent:grammar,formulas,sentencestructure,functions,conversationaltechniques2)objectives:toestablishtheformtoestablishthemeaningtopresentthetopictoactivatebackgroundknowledgetomotivatethestudents3)waysofpresentation:throughexamples,throughexplanation;usingmulti-mediumtechniques;oraldemonstration192.practiceActivities:gappeddialoguesplitexchangesscrambleddialogueinformationgapflowchartdialoguecuedcarddialoguefindthepartner203.Production:Activities:role-playsimulatedsituationrolecardplayinterviewdebatechainretellingpicturestoryslipinstruction22VI.SomeUsefulStrategiesBeforeyouspeak:•Loweryouranxiety•Identifythegoalandpurposeofthetask•Askforclarificationofthetaskifyouareunsure•Activateyourbackgroundknowledge•Predictwhatisgoingtohappen•Planwhatyouwillsay23AnxietyInSpeaking24SomeUsefulStrategiesWhileyouarespeaking:•Feelincontrol•Concentrateonthetask•Beinvolvedintheconversation•Monitoryourspeech(vocabulary,grammar,•pronunciation)•Compensateforanydifficultiesyouhave25SomeUsefulStrategiesAfteryouspeak:•Rewardyourself•Evaluatehowwelltheactivitywasaccomplished•Identifytheproblemareas•Planforhowyouwillimprovethenexttime•Askf