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J71JB/T8543.2－1997泵产品零件无损检测渗透检测1997-04-15发布1998-01-01实施中华人民共和国机械工业部发布I前言1范围····················································································································································································································12引用标准·········································································································································································································13定义····················································································································································································································14检测人员·········································································································································································································15渗透检测装置和渗透探伤剂·······························································································································································16对比试块·········································································································································································································27一般要求·········································································································································································································28操作····················································································································································································································49缺陷显示迹痕分类和缺陷等级评定················································································································································610检测报告·······································································································································································································8附录A（标准的附录）用于非标准温度的检验方法··············································································································10附录B（提示的附录）渗透检测报告··············································································································································11JB/T8543.2－1997目次II前言本标准的附录A是标准的附录。本标准的附录B是提示的附录。本标准由全国泵标准化技术委员会容积泵分技术委员会提出并归口。本标准起草单位：机械工业部合肥通用机械研究所。本标准主要起草人：刘庆、袁榕、张明圣。JB/T8543.2－199711范围本标准规定了对工件表面开口缺陷的渗透检测方法(包括荧光法和着色法)和缺陷等级分类。本标准适用于金属材料制成的泵产品零件(以下简称工件)的表面开口缺陷的检测。2引用标准下列标准所包含的条文，通过在本标准中引用而构成为本标准的条文。本标准出版时，所示版本均为有效。所有标准都会被修订，使用本标准的各方应探讨使用下列标准最新版本的可能性。GB/T12604—90无损检测术语3定义本标准的术语定义按GB/T12604的规定。4检测人员4.1检测人员应经有关部门考核合格后方可上岗操作。签发检测报告者应持有渗透Ⅱ级或Ⅱ级以上资格证书。4.2色盲、色弱及近距离校正视力在1.0以下者，不得参加渗透检测评定。4.3检测人员应配备有防护用品，并按有关规定正确使用。5渗透检测装置和渗透探伤剂5.1渗透检测装置5.1.1渗透检测装置主要由渗透装置、乳化装置、清洗装置、显像装置、干燥装置及观察装置等构成。5.1.2当采用荧光法进行检测时，所用黑光灯的紫外线波长应在0.32～0.40μm的范围内。黑光灯应保证在距离黑光灯滤光板上400mm处的紫外线强度不低于1000μW/cm2。暗室内可见光照度应不大于20lx。5.1.3当采用着色法进行检测时，应保证观察时被检表面可见光的照度不小于500lx。5.2渗透探伤剂5.2.1渗透探伤剂一般包括渗透剂、乳化剂、清洗剂和显像剂。5.2.2渗透探伤剂必须具有良好的检测性能，对工件无腐蚀，对人体基本无毒害作用。5.2.3对于高镍合金材料，一定量探伤剂蒸发后残渣中的S元素含量重量比不得超过1%。5.2.4对于奥氏体不锈钢和钛及钛合金材料，一定量探伤剂蒸发后残渣中的Cl、F元素含量重量比不得超过1%。5.2.5对于铝及铝合金材料，一定量探伤剂蒸发后残渣中的Cl元素含量重量比不得超过1%。机械工业部1997-04-15批准中华人民共和国机械行业标准泵产品零件无损检测渗透检测JB/T8543.2－19971998-01-01实施JB/T8543.2－199725.2.6探伤剂的Cl、S、F元素含量的测定可按下述方法进行。取探伤剂试样100g，放在直径150mm的表面蒸发皿中沸水浴60min，进行蒸发，如蒸发后留下的残渣超过0.005g，则应分析其Cl、S、F含量。5.2.7探伤剂应根据工件的具体情况进行选择，对同一工件，不能混用不同类型的探伤剂。5.3一般注意事项渗透探伤剂必须装在密闭容器中，置于低温阴暗处保存。显像剂必须放在密闭容器中保存。长时期未使用的渗透探伤剂，使用前应做性能对比试验。6对比试块对比试块主要用于检验探伤剂性能及操作工艺。其类型如下：6.1铝合金对比试块将一块如图1所示的LY12硬铝合金试块用喷灯在中央部位加热至510～530℃，然后迅速投入冷水中，通过淬火处理使试块表面产生条状和网状裂纹，再在试块中间加工一个直槽，将试块分成两部分，并分别标以A、B记号，以便进行不同探伤剂及不同工艺的对比试验，对比试块的尺寸见图1。图16.2镀铬对比试块将一块尺寸为130mm×40mm×4mm长方形0Cr18Ni9Ti或其他适当的不锈钢材料的试块上单面镀镍30μm±0.15μm，在镀镍层上再镀铬0.5μm，然后退火。在未镀面上，以直径10mm的钢球，用布氏硬度法按7500N、10000N和12500N打三点硬度，使镀层上形成三处辐射状裂纹，以便进行探伤剂和操作工艺性能测试。6.3对比试块的清洗和保存对比试块使用后应进行清洗，以免影响以后使用效果。清洗时，通常是用丙酮仔细擦洗后，再放入装有丙酮和无水酒精混合液（混合比为1∶1）)的密闭容器中保存，或用其他等效方法保存。7一般要求7.1检测时机原则上应在最终加工和热处理之后进行检查。但由供需双方协商确定的中间工序之间进行的检查不受此限制。JB/T8543.2－199737.2检查温度渗透检测的环境温度应在15～50℃范围内，如现场条件限制，温度条件不能满足时，应按附录A（标准的附录）对操作方法进行修正。7.3被检面准备7.3.1工件表面不得有铁锈、氧化皮、飞溅、铁屑、毛刺、油污以及各种防护层。7.3.2被检工件机加工表面粗糙度Ra为6.3μm，被检工件非机加工表面的粗糙度Ra为25μm。7.3.3局部检测时，准备工作范围应从检测部位四周向外扩展至少25mm。7.4检测方法分类和选用7.4.1检测方法分类7.4.1.1根据渗透剂和显像剂种类不同，检测方法可按表1和表2进行分类。7.4.1.2按表1和表2中各种方法组合使用的检测步骤见表3。7.4.2检测方法的选用7.4.2.1检测方法可根据被检工件表面粗糙度、检测灵敏度、检测批量和检测现场的水源、电源等条件来决定。7.4.2.2对于表面光洁且检测灵敏度要求高的工件，宜采用后乳化型着色法或后乳化型荧光法，也可采用溶剂去除型荧光法。7.4.2.3对于表面粗糙且检测灵敏度要求低的工件，宜采用水洗型着色法或水洗型荧光法。7.4.2.4对于现场无水源、无电源的检测，宜采用溶剂去除型着色法。7.4.2.5对于批量大的工件检测，宜采用水洗型着色法或水洗型荧光法。7.4.2.6对于大工件的局部检测，宜采用溶剂去除型着色法或溶剂去除型荧光法。7.4.2.7荧光法比着色法有较高的检测灵敏度。表1方法名称渗透剂种类方法代号水洗型荧光渗透剂FA后乳化剂荧光渗透剂FB荧光渗透检测溶剂去除型荧光渗透剂FC水洗型着色渗透剂VA后乳化型着色渗透剂VB着色渗透检测溶剂去除型着色渗透剂VC表2方法名称显像剂种类方法代号干式显像法干式显像剂D湿式显像剂W湿式显像法快干式显像剂S无显像剂显像法不用显像剂NJB/T8543.2－19974表3探伤步骤所使用的渗透剂和显像剂种类探伤方法代号前处理渗透乳化清洗去除干燥显像干燥观察后处理水洗型荧光渗透剂—干式显像剂FA–D○·→○——·—→○——·—→○—→○————→○—→○水洗型荧光渗透剂或水洗型着色渗透剂—湿式显像剂FA–WVA–W○·→○——·—→○——·—