CP-合作原则

TheCooperativePrincipleContentsClicktoaddTitle1ConversationalImplicature1ClicktoaddTitle2CooperativePrinciple2ClicktoaddTitle1Violationofthemaxims3ClicktoaddTitle2Characteristicsofimplicature4ClicktoaddTitle1Thepolitenessprinciple5ConversationalImplicatureImplicature:isderivedfromtheverb‘imply’,means‘tofoldsomethingintosomethingelse’.Meaning:theliteralmeaningtheimpliedmeaningConversationalImplicature:somethingwhichisimpliedinaconversation,thatis,somethingwhichisleftimplicitinactuallanguageuse.PaulGrice(1913-1988)philosopheroflanguageConversationalImplicatureE.g.(1)A:Let’sgotothecinemathisevening.B:We’llhavetheEnglishexamtomorrow.(2)A:Canyoutellmethetime?B:Well,themilkmanhascome.Howcanthespeakerconveymorethanwhatissaidandhowthehearercanarriveatthespeaker’smeaning?TheCooperativePrincipleHerbertPaulGrice,theWilliamJameslectures,1967“logicandconversation”1975Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.TheCooperativePrincipleThemaximofQuantity:1.Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired2.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.ThemaximofQuality:Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue.1.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.2.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.ThemaximofRelation:Berelevant.ThemaximofManner:Beperspicuous.1.Avoidobscurityofexpression.2.Avoidambiguity.3.Bebrief.4.Beorderly.ThemaximofQuantityE.g.(1)甲：今天中午吃了什么？乙：蛋炒饭。(2)酒馆ThemaximofQualityE.g.(1)Chinaisadevelopingcountrywithalargepopulation.(2)Syntaxismoreabstractthanpragmatics.ThemaximofRelationE.g.(1)A:HaveyouseenMarytoday?B:Shewasinthelibrarythisafternoon.(2)A:HaveyouseenMarytoday?B:I’mgoinghome.ThemaximofMannerE.g.(1)他关好门，洗完脸，就上床睡觉了。(2)他回到家里就吃饭，用钥匙打开门，马上生火做饭，洗完碗以后，就上床睡觉了。TheCooperativePrinciplequalityContentFormCPquantityrelationmannerWhattosay?Howtosayit?qualityTheCooperativePrinciple语用中，交际双方总是受隐性的合作原则支配，合作原则潜移默化地影响着我们的思维和话语。E.g.甲乙约定答非所问，谁如果在四个回合中违约便是输了。甲：你早，饭吃了吗？乙：今天天气真好。甲：天气好准备上哪儿玩？乙：世界上战争年年有。甲：第几句了？乙：第三句。ViolationofthemaximsIndailylife,speakersoftenviolatethemaximsofCPtoexpresssomeimpliedmeanings.Whetherthespeakerfollowsorviolatesthesemaxims,heproducessomeIMPLICATURE,extrameaningthatisnotcontainedintheutterance.ViolationofthemaximsThespeakerdoesnotcommunicatewiththeheareratall.E.g.“Idon’tknow.”“Idon’twanttotalkanythingaboutit.”Totelllies.Toviolateonemaximinordertoobeyanothermaxim.E.g.A:WheredoesJoylive?B:Somewhereinthesuburbsofthecity.Toexpresssomespecialmeaning.E.g.在一次记者招待会上，西方记者问陈毅外长：中国是用什么武器把美国的U-2飞机击落的？陈毅回答：“是用竹竿捅下来的。”ViolationofthemaximsTheviolationofthemaximofquantityE.g.A:Iunderstandyouhadanargumentwithyourwife.Howdiditendup?B:Shecamecrawlingtomeonherknees.A:Isthatso?Whatdidshesay?B:Shesaid,“Comeoutfromunderthatbedandfightlikeaman.”ViolationofthemaximsTheviolationofthemaximofqualityE.g.Heisamachine.北京的红叶都枫(疯)了。TheviolationofthemaximofrelationE.g.BoysareBoys.TheviolationofthemaximofmannerE.g.A:let’sgetthekidssomething.B:O.K.ButIvetoI-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.Violationofthemaxims“Whatdidyoudothisafternoon?”Nickasked.“IwentforawalkupbytheIndiancamp.”“Didyouseeanybody?”“TheIndianswereallintowngettingdrunk.”“Didn’tyouseeanybodyatall?”(Quality)“Isawyourfriend,Prudie.”“Wherewasshe?”“ShewasinthewoodswithFrank.Iranontothem.Theywerehavingquietatime.”(Quantity)Hisfatherwasnotlookingathim.“Whatweretheydoing?”“Ididn’tstaytofindout.”(Quality)“Tellmewhattheyweredoing.”(Manner)“Idon’tknow.”hisfathersaid,“Ijustheardthemthreshingaround.(E.Hemingway.TenIndians)58912文学作品中的对话并不是随意堆砌起来的，而是用来反映人物的心理状态、态度、情感和传递会话含义的有效手段。Characteristicsofimplicature•Calculability----可推导性•Cancellability----可取消性•Non-detachability----不可分离性•Non-conventionality-----非规约性CharacteristicsofimplicatureCalculability:(可推导性)speakerscanconveyimplicatureandhearersareabletounderstandthem.•Conversationalimplicaturereliesonanumberoffactors:theconventionalmeaningofwordsused,theCP,thelinguistic&situationalcontexts,etc..•Ifanyofthemchanges,theimplicaturewillalsochange.CharacteristicsofimplicatureCancellability:1)Johnhasthreecows.2)Johnhasonlythreecows.3)Johnhasthreecows,ifnotmore.4)Johnhasatleastthreecows.CharacteristicsofimplicatureNon-detachability:(不可分离性)Aconversationalimplicatureisattachedtothesemanticcomponentofwhatissaid,nottothelinguisticform.E.g.Heisabadfriend.Heisafriendinneed.Heisaniceguy.Heisalwaysreadytohelp.CharacteristicsofimplicatureNon-conventionality:(非规约性)Implicatureisindeterminate,whichvarieswiththecontext.E.g.Heisamachine.Highefficiency?Hardworking?Indifference&noflexibility?ThedrawbacksofGrice’sCPGrice本人是哲学家，他提出的合作原则四准则是套用德国哲学家康德的量、质、关系和方式这四个哲学范畴体系的。在语言交际中，合作原则究竟是否是交际的最高原则？合作原则之下的个准则作用如何？这几条之间的关系如何？合作原则只解释了人们使用语言所产生的会话含义，及其对会话含义的理解却没有解释在日常生活中人们为什么要拐弯抹角，让听话人去推导会话含义。即合作原则解释了话语的字面意思和实际意义之间的关系，却没有解释为什么人们会违反合作原则，以间接含蓄的方式表达思想，进行交流。ThepolitenessprincipleLeech（1983）putsforwardPolitenessPrinciple(PP)soastorescuetheCPinthesensethatPPcanexplaindeviationsfromtheCP.ThesixmaximsofthePPThesixmaximsofthePPMaximoftact(得体准则)a.Minimizecosttoother.b.Maximizebenefittoother.Maximofgenerosi