【26.Assuch,everynewversionoftheproductrequiresaredesignandtripsthroughthefoundry,anexpensiveproposition,andanimpedimenttorapidtime-to-market.而且,每次推出一个新产品都需要重新设计并经历所有制造流程。这样做不但造价昂贵,而且不利于迅速上市。【2.Becauseoftheveryhighopen-loopvoltagegainoftheop-amp,theoutputisdrivenintopositivesaturation(closeto+V)whenthesamplevoltagegoesslightlyabovethereferencevoltage,anddrivenintonegativesaturation(closeto-V)whenthesamplevoltagegoesslightlybelowthereferencevoltage.由于运放的开环电压增益很高,当取样电压略高于参考电压时,输出趋向于正向饱和状态(接近+V)。当取样电压低于参考电压时,输出趋向于负向饱和状态(接近-V)。【8.BothN-typeandP-typesemiconductorsaremadebytreatedmaterials,suchasgermaniumandsiliconwithimpuritiessuchasarsenicandindium.N型半导体和P型半导体是利用杂质掺入纯净半导体而形成的,如将杂质砷和铟掺入锗和硅中。【18.Bycomparison,mostotherformsoftransmissionsystemsconveythemessageinformationusingtheshape,orlevelofthetransmittedsignal;parametersthataremosteasilyaffectedbythenoiseandattenuationintroducedbythetransmissionpath.相比之下,许多其他形式的传输系统是利用被传信号的波形或电平的高低来传送信息的,而这些参数又极易受到传输路径中的噪声和衰耗的影响。【11.Digitaltransmissionsystem-embodiedbytelegraphsystems-weredevelopedinthe1850sbeforeanalogsystems-thetelephone-inthetwentiethcentury.以电报为代表的数字传输系统研发于19世纪50年代,早于以电话为代表的模拟系统,它是20世纪才开发的。【24.Dependingontherelationshipbetweenthesignalfrequenciesandthesamplingrate,spectralinversionmaycausetheshapeofthespectruminthebasebandtobeinvertedfromthetruespectrumofthesignal.根据信号频率和采样频率之间的关系的不同,可能出现“频谱反转”现象—基带频谱的形状和信号真实频谱的形状正好相反。【6.Eachelementhasaseparateidentityofitsown,thatis,notwoelementshavethesamephysicalandchemicalproperties,norcananelementbesubdividedbyordinaryphysicalandchemicalmeansintosimpleelement.每一种元素均有它自己的标识,也就是说,没有两个元素具有相同的物理和化学特性,一种元素也不能以普通的物理或化学方法被分为两种简单的元素。【7.Eletronswhirlaroundnucleiinmuchthesamemannerthattheplanetsofoursolarsystemtravelaroundthesun.Thedifferencebetweenanatomofoneelementandthatofanotherisinthenumberofprotonsandneutronscontainedinthenucleus.电子围绕原子核旋转,其方式类似于太阳系中行星围绕太阳旋转。一种元素的原子和另一种元素的原子的差别在于其原子核中的质子数和中子数。【16.Furthermore,weshallprovethataminimumtheoreticalsamplingfrequencyoforder6.8kilohertz(kHz)isrequiredtoconveyavoicechanneloccupyingtherange300Hzto3.4kHz.而且我们将证明,为了变换频率范围为300Hz~3.4kHz的话路信号,理论上的最小采样频率为6.8kHz。【17.Forexample,thesignalreceivedfromasatellite,locatedinfarouterspace,isveryweakandisatalevelonlyslightlyabovethatofthenoise.例如,从位于遥远太空中的卫星接收到的信号极其微弱,其电平仅比噪声稍高一点。【27.However,forapplicationsinwhichtheendproductmustprocessanswersinrealtime,ormustdosowhilepoweredbyconsumerbatteries,GPPscomparativelypoorrealtimeperformanceandhighpowerconsumptionallbutrulesthemout.然而,在最终产品必须实时响应的应用中,或者必须在电池供电下实现实时响应的应用中,由于GPP实时性能较差、功耗大、因此就被排除在外了。【4.Intergradedcircuitsarealsoclassifiedaccordingtotheirfunctions.DigitalorlogicalICareusedasswitches,theyareeitheronoroff.Incomputerstheonandoffstatescorrespondto0or1.OtherICiscalledlinearoranalogIC.也可根据其功能不同对集成电路进行分类。数字IC(也称为逻辑IC)通常用作开关,表示接通或关断。在计算机中,接通和关断状态分别对应“0”或“1”。另一种IC被称为线性或模拟IC。【13.Inaddition,thesignalprocessormayalsoaddparitybitstothedigitalwordtoprovidechannelcodingsothaterrordetectionandcorrectioncanbeusedbythesignalprocessorinthereceivertoreduceoreliminatebiterrorsthatarecausedbynoiseinthechannel.此外,信号处理器还可以给数码字加入奇偶校验位,即提供信道编码,使得接收机的信号处理器可以进行误码检测和纠错,以减少或消除由信道噪声所引起的误码。【15.Inthesedescriptionsweshallseehowaspeechchanneloftelephonequalitymaybeconveyedasaseriesofamplitudevaluse,eachvaluebeingrepresented,thatis,coded,asasequenceof8binarydigits.在这些讨论中,我们会看到话路中的语音信号是如何转换成一个幅值序列的,而每个幅值又被编码,即以8位二进制数的序列表示。【25.Ifauniversalmicroprocessorsolutionexistedwithwhicheverydesigncouldrealized,theelectronicsindustrywouldn'tbeaverycompetitiveplace.假如存在可用以实现任何设计的通用微处理器的话,电子行业就不会竞争得如此激烈了。【20.Indigitalcommunicationsystems,themodulatingsignal(e.g.,message)mayberepresentedasatimesequenceofsymbolsorpulses,whereeachsymbolhasmfinitestates.Eachsymbolrepresentsnbitsofinformation,wheren=log2mbits/symbol.在数字通信系统中,调制信号(比如消息)用符号或者脉冲的时间序列来表示,每一个符号有m个有限状态。每个符号表示n比特的信息,这里n=log2m比特/符号。【30.Intensityisameasureofpowerperunitarea,andevenalaserthatemitsonlyafewmilli-wattscanproducealotofintensityinabeamthat'sonlyamillimeterindiameter.强度是每单位面积上能量的度量,即使一个仅产生几毫瓦能量的激光器也能产生一个直径只有1毫米的高强度光束。【31.Laserbeamshavebeenproducedineverycoloroftherainbow(redisthemostcommonlasercolor),aswellasinmanykindsofinvisiblelight,buteachlasercanemitonecolorandonecoloronly.激光束可以是彩虹中的每一种颜色(红色是最常见的激光颜色),还可以是许多种看不见的光,但每个激光器能且只能发出一种颜色的光。【14.Manydifferentschemesforperformingthesethreefunctionhaveevolvedduringrecentyears,andweshalldescribethemainones.近年来,人们对这三个环节的实现提出了许多不同的方案,我们将对其中一些主要的方案进行讨论。【22.Morsecoderadiotransmissionisanexampleofthistechnique.莫尔斯码无线传输就是这种调制技术应用的一个实例。【3.Ontheotherhand,aDCnegative-logicsystem,asinFigure3.6(b),isonewhichdesignatesthemorenegativevoltagestateofthebitasthe1levelandthemorepositiveasthe0level.另一方面,如图3.6所示,把比特的较低的电压状态记为1电平,较高的电压状态记为0电平,这样的系统称为直流负逻辑系统。【34.Onewayofcreatingfusionhereonearthistoheatandcompresspelletscontaininghydrogentothetemperaturesandpressuresneededtofusethenucleiofthehydrogenatomstogether,creatingtinyhydrogenbombsandthusgeneratingincrediblepower.在地球上实现核聚变的途径是对含有氢气的气团加温加压,以达到使氢原子核聚变的温度和压力,制造小型氢弹,从而出现难以想象的巨大能量。【1.Theoutputofthediffere