氢燃料电池汽车(英文)Hydrogen-FuelCell-Vehicles

HydrogenFuelCellVehiclesMikeBartholomy4/27/2006–[e-mail]opicofalternativefuelvehiclesisespeciallyrelevantgiventheeventsofthelastfewweeksAsgaspricescontinuetorisethissummerwe’lllikelyseethistopicgetmoreandmoreattentionWhyRelevant?Gasprices/OilMarketOilcurrentlyaround$73/barrelProjectionshaveoilhitting$90/barrelthissummer$4/gallonthissummer?Whataboutin2010?Howlongwilloilbearound?Whatabouteasytogettooil?Isitalreadygone?EnvironmentBush’sApril25th“Plan”AlternateFuelVehiclesHybridsHerenow,butstillrequiregasEthanol/E85PushedbyGMMoreexpensive,justasdirty?AlternativeFuelVehiclesInternalCombustionHydrogenSlightlymodifiedformofinternalcombustionengineBurnshydrogen,producespurewaterexhaustSeriousrangeproblemsBMWhasbrokenseveralspeedrecordsforhydrogencarsandisbankingoncarsthatcanrunsuccessfullyonbothgasandhydrogenHydrogenFuelCells“Anoldideawhosetimehascome”Fuelcellsinventedin1838bySwissscientistChristianFriedrichSchönbeinAspectsofenginesaswellasbatteriesNopollutionemittedPEMFCsidealforlight-dutyvehicles,buildings&muchsmallerapplicationsHydrogenFuelCellsFuelcellsaresimilartobatteries,butdesignedforcontinuousreplenishmentofenergyviaexternalfuelManydifferenttypesoffuelcells,mostcommonwilllikelybethePEMFCHydrogenandoxygenin,watervaporandliquidwateroutTypicaloutputisabout.8voltsStorage&EfficiencyTwostorageoptions1.Producethehydrogenonthegroundandthenstoreitonboardthevehicle(thedirecthydrogenoption)2.Producethehydrogenonthevehiclebymeansofatinyonboardhydrogenplant(theonboardfuelprocessoroption)HydrogenFC’s2timesasefficientasinternalcombustionInternalcombustionefficiency–15-25%HydrogenFC’s–50-60%EstimatesthatFCVehiclescanachieveequivalentof80miles/gallongasoline.FuelCellStacksInordertoproduceenoughvoltage,cellsaregroupedintostacksAhydrogenfuelcellautomobilewouldhaveatleast45cellsinastackHydrogenisstoredandinjectedineitherliquidorgasformManycells,butonlyoutputisstillliquidandvaporwaterApplicationsofFuelCellTechnologyCarsBusesSpaceTravel&ExplorationAirplanesSubmarinesOff-gridPowerSupplyCombinedHeat&PowerFuelCellVehiclesBeingpushedbycarcompaniesthemselvesDaimlerChrysler–SeveraltestcarsinJapanandSingapore;UPSvansin2003-04inU.S.Ford–40-60vehiclesinGermany,Canada,California;widespreadproductionby2010GM–wantstobefirstcompanytosell1MFCVprofitably;startedwithfuelcellbackupsystemsin2005.PrototypeisHy-wireAlsoHonda,Nissan,Toyota,Hyundai,VW,Mazda,othershaveFCVprototypesontheroadSeveringconnectionwithgasprices?HydrogenFuelCellVehicleIssuesStorageiscomplicatedLimitedrangeExpensivefuelStillafossilfuel?Energycarrier,notenergysource*Infrastructure*HydrogenSourcesHydrogenFuelCellVehicleInfrastructureHydrogenProductionAlmostallofthehydrogenproducedintheU.S.todayisbysteamreformingofnaturalgasProducehydrogendirectlyfromnewnuclearpowerreactors?R&Dintoseveralnewmethods:BiologicalWaterSplittingPhotoelectrochemicalWaterSplittingReformingofBiomassandWastesSolarThermalWaterSplittingRenewableElectrolysisHydrogenFuelCellVehicleInfrastructureTheHydrogenHighwayWorld’sfirsthydrogenrefuelingstationopenedinIcelandin2003California&FloridahavebothapprovedfundingBCHydrogenHighwaywilllinkVancouver&Whistlerbystartof2010WinterOlympicGamesEnvironmentWhywearepursuingHydrogenFCVs(?)EmissionsfreeTherearecostsassociatedwithenvironmentaldamageEconomicsCurrentprojections–severaltimesthepriceofstandardcarsFlexibilityofoilindustryManipulationofsupplytokeepoiljustcheapenoughAtwhatpointdoesitbecomeworthwhiletoconsumers?Costofgas+environmentalcosts+dependencycosts(political,militarily,social)Costoffuelcellcars+hydrogenfuel???EconomicsOnly2waystoreduceourdependenceonforeignoilIncreaseproductionDecreasedemandThepushforhydrogenfuelcelltechnologyincarsrepresentsthesecondPoliticsObviousconnectionbetweencurrentadministrationandoilcompaniesandcertainoilproducingcompaniesSomecriticizeaFCVpushasacynicalployBut…2006StateoftheUnionAddressAlso,the2003AddressLegalEnvironmentEnergyPolicyActof2005§§721-723:AdvancedVehiclesDemonstration&PilotProgram§743–FuelCellSchoolBuses§773–StudyofReducingUseofFuelforAutomobiles§782–Federal&StateProcurementofFCVsandHydrogenEnergySystems§1341–AlternativeMotorVehicleCredit&FuelCellMotorVehicleCredit§1342–AlternativeFuelCellInfrastructureTaxCredit§1825–FuelCell&HydrogenTechnologyStudyOtherStatutesCleanAirAct–1990Amendments§211–EmissionStandardsforMovingSources§§241-250–CleanFuelVehiclesManyotherfederalincentiveprograms,includingIRStaxbreaksforFCVpurchasersStateIncentives&RegulationsE.g.California:15differentincentiveprogramsforAFVsHydrogenEnergyPlanCAHydrogenHighwayNetworkNetworkofhydrogenrefuelingstations,safetystandards,commercialavailabilityby2010SoWhereAreWeAt?HydrogenisonlytypeofenergythatcanprovideawholesalesubstituteforforeignoilwithinadecadeClean,twiceasefficientasinternalcombustion,andplentifulButlikemannedspaceflightinearly60s,hydrogenfuelcellsareprovenbutprimitiveDoweneeda10yeargoalalaKennedy?Currentlyseveraltimes(10x?)moreexpensiveRecommendationWeshouldaggressive