awa模板及七宗罪

awa模板及七宗罪说明：七宗罪是攻克AA之必备法宝。模版部分：ArgumentInthisargumenttheauthorreachestheconclusionthat....Thebasisforthisrecommendationisthat....Anadditionalreasongiveninsupportofthisrecommendationisthat...(Theauthorcites...asanexampleinsupportofthisrecommendation).Atfirstglance,theauthor'sargumentappearstobesomewhatconvincing,butfurtherreflectionrevealsthatitomitssomeimportantconcernsthatshouldbeaddressedtosubstantiatetheargument.Inthefirstplace,Inthesecondplace,Inthethirdplace,Inconclusion,theauthorfailstoprovideadequatejustificationfor....Asitstands,thereasoningdoesnotconstitutealogicalargumentinfavoroftherecommendation.Tostrengthentheargument,theauthorwouldhavetoprovideevidencetoprovethat....Tobetterassesstheargument,weneedadditionaldetailedinformationabout...sothatwecanestablishtheconclusionwhether....IssueTheissueofwhether...isacomplexandcontroversialone.Differentpeopleholddifferentviewsduetotheirrespectiveangles.Ontheonehand,asiswell-knownandhasoftenbeenadvocated,...;ontheotherhand,othersprobablyinsistthat....Wedonothavetolookveryfartoseethevalidstandpointofthismatter.Inthefollowinganalysis,Iwouldliketoreasonandprovideevidencefavoringtheformeroneandrefutingthelatterone.(Thecomplexnatureoftheaboveissuerequiresustoconsideritonacase-by-casebasis.Inmypointofview,whetheronehasadvantagesovertheotherdependsonthespecificcircumstances.)Inthefirstplace,theimportantreasonthatcanbepresentedtodevelopmypositionisthat....Agoodexamplemaybefoundinthecasethat....Underthiscircumstance/therefore,itisobviousthat....Inaddition,thereisanotherreasonformetochoosetheformerstatement/considerthelatterstatementtobewrong.Thereasonisnotfartoseek:....Toillustrate,acaseinpointinthisrespectisthat....Admittedly,thereisnodenyingthat...insomeconditions.Asweknow,....However,thisalonedoesnotconstituteasufficientsupportto....(When...ofXandYarecarefullycompared,themoststrikingconclusionisobvious.Tosumup,while...maybetrueinexceptionalcases,Iagreethat....)Consequently,Iadvocatethat...,because:(1)...;(2)....Duetotheabove-mentionedreasons,whichsometimesintertwinetoformanorganicwholeandthusbecomemorepersuasive,wemaysafelyarriveattheconclusionIsupport.严重推荐：Argument之七宗罪第一宗罪：无因果联系Theauthorcommitsafallacyofcausaloversimplification.ThelineofthereasoningisthatbecauseAoccurredbeforeB,theformereventisresponsibleforthelatter.(TheauthorusesthepositivecorrelationbetweenAandBtoestablishcausality.However,thefactthatAcoincideswithBdoesnotnecessarilyprovethatAcausedB.)Butthisisfallaciousreasoningunlessotherpossiblecausalexplanationshavebeenconsideredandruledout.Forexample,perhapsCisthecauseoftheseeventsorperhapsBiscausedbyD.第二宗罪Insufficient-sampleTheevidencetheauthorprovidesisinsufficienttosupporttheconclusiondrawnfromit.Oneexampleislogicallyunsoundedtoestablishageneralconclusion(Thestatisticsfromonlyafewrecentyearsarenotnecessarilyagoodindicatoroffuturetrends),unlessitcanbeshownthatA1isrepresentativeofallA.Itispossiblethat....Infact,infaceofsuchlimitedevidence,theconclusionthatBiscompletelyunwarranted.第三宗罪:错误类比(basedonafalseanalogy)横向TheargumentrestsontheassumptionthatAisanalogoustoBinallrespects.Thisassumptionisweak,sincealthoughtherearepointsofcomparisonbetweenAandB,thereismuchdissimilarityaswell.Forexample,A...,however,B....Thus,itislikelymuchmoredifficultforBtodo....第四宗罪allthingsareequal纵向Theauthorcommitsthefallacyof“allthingsareequal”.Thefactthathappenedtwoyearsagoisnotasoundevidencetodrawaconclusionthat....Theauthorassumeswithoutjustificationthatthebackgroundconditionshaveremainedthesameatdifferenttimesoratdifferentlocations.However,itisnotclearinthisargumentwhetherthecurrentconditionsatAAarethesameastheyusedtobetwoyearsago.Thusitisimpossibletoconcludethat....第五宗罪Either-OrchoiceTheauthorassumesthatAAandBBaremutuallyexclusivealternativesandthereisnoroomforamiddleground.However,theauthorprovidesnoreasonforimposinganeither-orchoice.CommonsensetellsusthatadjustingbothAAandBBmightproducebetterresults.第六宗罪surveyisdoubtfulThepollcitedbytheauthoristoovaguetobeinformative.Theclaimdoesnotindicatewhoconductedthepoll,whoresponded,orwhen,whereandhowthepollwasconducted.(Lackinginformationaboutthenumberofpeoplesurveyedandthenumberofrespondents,itisimpossibletoaccessthevalidityoftheresults.Forexample,if200personsweresurveyedbutonly2responded,theconclusionthat...wouldbehighlysuspect.Becausetheargumentoffersnoevidencethatwouldruleoutthiskindofinterpretations,)Untilthesequestionsareanswered,theresultsofthesurveyareworthlessasevidencefortheconclusion.第七宗罪gratuitousassumptionTheauthorfalselydependsongratuitousassumptionthat....However,noevidenceisstatedintheargumenttosupportthisassumption.Infact,thisisnotnecessarilythecase.Forexample,itismorelikelythat....Therefore,thisargumentisunwarrantedwithoutrulingoutsuchpossibility