运用叙事语篇分析对“读后续写”有效性的探讨

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龙源期刊网运用叙事语篇分析对“读后续写”有效性的探讨作者:徐跃芳来源:《读写算》2019年第10期摘要“读后续写”不仅是写作促进手段,近年又成为浙江省高考新题型之一。“读后续写”应建立在对原文准确分析基础上,同时续作是否有效也可通过语篇分析得到验证。关键词读后续写;高考新题型;叙事语篇分析中图分类号:G632;;;;;;;;文献标识码:A;;;;;;文章编号:1002-7661(2019)10-0161-02浙江省自2016年10月于高考中首次采用“读后续写”题型以来,对读后续写理论与教学实践的探索已有了大量的积累。然而在习作中,除了语言运用本身的准确和丰富性外,忽视段首句的启示性、与原文无法融合;细节展开手段有限;情景详略处理分寸捏不准;对文意理解强行拔高或曲解;衔接生搬硬套等问题屡见不鲜,得分能力较低。这些问题的出现背后有语篇解读与生成、修辞学等等方面的原因。本文运用叙事语篇分析,探讨“读后续写”的续作有效性。一、从语篇角度解读“读后续写”题型的依据从高考读后续写的评分标准来看,要求与原文和所给段落的首句融洽,内容、语法和词汇要丰富,文章能有效衔接。对读后续写题型的续作评价包含几个关键词:内容、衔接、连贯、修辞。这符合《现代英语修辞学》(胡曙中,2004)中关于有效的语篇要考虑的最基本的五个因素:目的、内容、统一、连贯和强调。单纯评价续作是无意义的。读的材料和续写的段落共同构成了一个语篇。在读后续写题型中,作为续作者的身份具有双重性,既是受话人又是发话人。他完成的是对既有语篇的解构,对续写段落的建构以及篇章整体的重构。所以语篇分析不仅要运用于原作中,也应扩展至结合了续作的整个语篇中。二、叙事语篇分析模式黄国文(1987)在《语篇分析概要》一书中介绍拉波夫(Labov,1972)的叙事语篇分析模式:(1)点题(abstract)(2)指向(orientation)(3)进展(complicatingaction)(4)评议(evaluation)(5)结果或结局(resultorresolution)(6)回应(coda)在续写题型中,学生被要求根据两个段落的开头句往下写,属于较小的叙事结构,不需要包含上述所有结构,但因要求续写段落和原文融洽、连贯,原文材料和续写段落实际应共同构成较大叙事结构。所以,读后续写题型是在较大叙事结构和较小叙事结构的结合。以2018年浙江名校协作体3月英语试题为例:龙源期刊网,livedtwoyoungmen,muchlikemanyyoungmenyoumayknowtoday…Thetwobrotherswerelikeable,butundisciplined(不守纪律的),withawildcharacterinthem.Theybehavedbadly,whichturnedseriouswhentheybeganstealingsheepfromthelocalfarmers—aseriouscrimeinthisrural5place,solongagoandfaraway.Intime,thethieveswerecaught.Thelocalfarmersdecidedtheirfate:ThetwobrotherswouldbebrandedontheforeheadwiththelettersSTfor“sheepthief”Thissigntheywouldcarrywiththemforevermore.Theyoungerbrotherwassoembarrassedbythisbrandingthatheranaway;hewasneverheardfromagain.Theelderbrother,filledwithdeepregret,acceptedhisfateandchosetostayandtrytomakeamends(改過自10新)tothevillagershehadwronged.Atfirstthevillagershaddoubtsabouthisbehaviorandwouldhavenothingtodowithhim.Butthisbrotherwasdeterminedtomakereparationforhiswrongdoing.Whenevertherewasasickness,thesheepthiefcametocarefortheillwithsoupandasofttouch.Whenevertherewasworkneedingtobedone,thesheepthiefcametohelpwithalendinghand.Itmadenodifferencewhetherthepersonwasrichorpoor.Thesheepthiefwastheretohelp.Neveracceptingpayforhisgooddeeds,helivedhislifeforothers.15Manyyearslater,atravelercamethroughthevillagesittingatasidewalkcaféeatinglunch.Hesawanoldmanwithastrangebrandonhisforeheadseatednearby.Thestrangernoticedthatallthevillagerswhopassedtheoldmanstoppedtoshareakindword,topaytheirrespects;childrenstoppedtheirplaytogiveandreceiveawarmhug.Curious,thestrangeraskedthecaféowneraftertheoldmanleft,“Whatdoesthatstrangebrandontheold20man’sforeheadstandfor?”“Idon’tknow.Ithappenedsolongago…”thecaféownerreplied.Then,pausingbrieflyforamomentofreflection,hecontinued:“…butIthinkitstandsfor‘saint’.”23Justatthatmoment,anotheroldmancamein.________________________________________________________24Thevillagerslookedathimcuriously.__________________________________________________________这篇文章属于叙事体,它没有出现点题,首段的作用是指向,交代了故事开始的背景。L3开始至L22大部分为故事进展,部分评议穿插其中。例如:L3的Thetwobrotherswerelikeable,butundisciplined,withawildcharacterinthem.L4behavebadly,turnserious,aseriouscrime.L8Theyoungerbrotherwassoembarrassedbythisbrandingthatheranaway.L9Theelderbrother,filledwithdeepregret,L11thevillagershaddoubts…Butthisbrotherwasdeterminedto…L15helivedhislifeforothers.评议对叙事语篇非常重要,通过穿插的评议,读者能了解两兄弟面对因当年犯下的罪所遭受的惩罚的态度截然不同,弟弟因觉耻辱而远走高飞,哥哥则诚心龙源期刊网改过并获得他人原谅。原作者借此表达,犯了过错,应用于担负起责任,以善行悔过,重新赢回他人的尊重。再分析两段需续写段落的开头句,L23续写的第一段开头句Justatthatmoment,anotheroldmancamein.属于指向,开启了一个小的新的叙事结构。整个故事是由若干小的叙事结合起来,原文中L15Manyyearslater,atravelercamethroughthevillagesittingatasidewalkcaféeatinglunch和L19Curious,thestrangeraskedthecaféowneraftertheoldmanleft也是指向。结合原文材料时间与地点指向顺序,所以无论新来的oldman是谁,他不能当时与哥哥见面,因为他已经走出咖啡馆了。L24续写第二段开头句Thevillagerslookedathimcuriously.属于延续上一个叙事结构的进展,其中lookathimcuriously属于评议。暗示第一段中的内容有某种悬念,引起了村民们的好奇。第一段开头句为固定的指向句。第二段开头带有评议。两段续写段落在篇章中的位置相当于进展、评议、结局和回应部分。这里全文推向高潮。随着悬念的解开,作者的写作意图应得到贯彻和体现。习作:Justatthatmoment,anotheroldmancamein.Therewasthesamebrandonhisforeheadastheformeroldman.Thestrangerthoughttohimself,“Whatdoesthisbrandstandfor?Doesitalsostandfor‘saint’?”Outofcuriosityanddoubt,hecameuptotheoldmanandsaid,“IfeelsorryforaskingyousuchanimpolitequestionbutIcouldn’tholdbackmycuriosity.Ireallywonderwhatthebrandonyourforeheadstandfor.Doesitstandfor‘saint’?”Afterhearinghisquestion,theoldmanrespondedwithatoughsmileonhisface.“EveryonecanbesaintifI’msaint.Actually,I’mathief.”Thevillagerslookedathimcuriously.Theoldmantoldthemthestorywhichhappenedlongago.Aftertellingthestory,hesaid,“I’mtheyoungerbrotherwhostolesheepbutdidn’tmakeamendsformywrongdoing,soI’mnotsaintatall.”Heburiedhisfaceinhishandsandsaidinaregretfultone.“Inthepastseveraldecades,IfeltregretfulforrunningawayandIwasguiltyformywrongdoing.SoIcamebackandIhopeIcanmakereparationforwhatIhavedone.”Tearssliddownhisface.Thestrangergavehimahugandsaid,“Itwillneverbelateaslongasyourealizeyourfault.”在習作第一段中thetraveler因为对新来老者额头的刺字感到好奇,作者点出hecameuptotheoldman…,由此顺利展开了两者之间的对话,符合原文指向。同时主体的情节推动由thetraveler完成,承接原文中L16Manyyearslater,atravelercamethr

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