1第一部分文体概述2III.Headlines(标题语言)III-2.Linguisticfeaturesofheadlines第一节标题的语法特点(GrammaticalFeatures)第二节标题的措词特点(LexicalFeatures)第三节标题的修辞特点(RhetoricalFeatures)3第三节标题的修辞特点4I.RhetoricalFeatures(修辞特点)Toachievevividnessandhumorandentice(诱惑)andappealtomorereaders,variousrhetoricaldevicesareemployedinheadlines.Thefollowingaresomeofthem:为了达到生动形象、风趣幽默的效果,并能引起读者的兴趣,英语报刊标题常使用各种修饰手段。常用的修饰手段有下列几种:51.Alliteration(头韵)Alliterationisadeviceinwhichthesameconsonant(辅音)soundisrepeatedatintervalsintheinitialpositionofwords.Thisdevicemakestheheadlinesoundwittyandlively.在一组词或一行诗中用相同的字母或声韵开头。这种修饰手段使报刊标题变得生动活泼,富有节奏感。61.Alliteration(头韵)HandoverHangover移交工作搁浅SoldiersSalariesSoar士兵薪水剧增FromFoestoFinancialFriends往日仇敌,今日挚友72.Rhyme(押韵)Rhymeisadeviceinwhichthesamevowel(元音)orthesameconsonantisrepeatedattheendofwords.在一组词或一行诗中用相同的字母或声韵结尾。这种修饰手段可以造成声色效果,渲染气氛,引起注意。82.Rhyme(押韵)YoungWheelers,BigDealers驾驶摩托小青年,保险公司大主顾Gloom,BoomandDoom暗淡,繁荣和毁灭Who’sNeartoReagan’sEar?里根耳朵,愿听谁说?93.Metaphor(隐喻)Ametaphorisadevicewhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementsandthiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.在两类不同的事物之间含蓄地比较,以表明相同关系的比喻。隐喻使生动形象,令人难忘。103.Metaphor(隐喻)Indonesia:BalkanoftheEast?印尼:东方的巴尔干?(文章将印尼喻作经常引发战争的巴尔干半岛)ADragonRaisesItsHead巨龙昂起了头(文章把上海喻作中国这条正在腾飞的巨龙的头)NoEndtoRoller-CoasterRide——SharpandSuddenChange陡峭而危险的云霄飞车旅程远未结束(文章用“云霄飞车”比喻1997年7月泰国出现的金融危机给东南亚国家带来连锁式的经济动荡)114.Pun(双关)Punisadevicewhichplayswiththeformandmeaningofwords,forawittyorhumorouseffect.TherearemanywordsintheEnglishlanguagewhichlookorsoundalike,buthavedifferentsenses,orconnotations.124.Pun(双关)运用一个词语来暗示两层或两层以上的意思或不同的联想,或运用两个或两个以上同音异义或近音异义的词语。双关使语言新鲜活泼,诙谐有趣,能收到冷嘲热讽,滑稽幽默的效果。134.Pun(双关)ArmsfortheMainland,AlmsforTaiwan武器售大陆,施舍给台湾(“arms”和“alms”同音异议,巧妙用在一起,反差强烈)ANewHarvestofTroubles农产品丰收,新问题成堆(文章报道农产品大丰收导致供大于求,销售困难、价格猛跌。harvest既表示丰收,又表示后果)145.Parody(仿拟)Parodyisafigureofspeechthatchangestheformofsomewordsinsomeallusions,proverbs,idioms,famoussayings,etc.toproduceasurprisingandhumorouseffect.仿拟是故意模仿现成的语、句、篇而临时创造新的语、句、篇。仿拟使语言简洁明快,幽默诙谐,有讽刺色彩。155.Parody(仿拟)LikeMother,LikeDaughter有其母,必有其女(模仿Likefatherlikeson)ATaleofTwoCapitals两个首都的故事(模仿CharlesDickens的名著《双城记》的书名ATaleofTwoCites)Hashimoto’sDilemma:toReformorNottoReform海部的困境:改革,还是不改革(模仿莎士比亚的名剧《汉姆雷特》(Hamlet)中的名句Toliveornottolive)165.Parody(仿拟)Sometimesreporterscopyfamoussayings,proverbsornamesoffamousbooksdirectly.Forinstance:除了仿拟,英语报刊标题还直接采用成语或名著的书名。例如:175.Parody(仿拟)ANewLeafofLife浪子回头,金不换(文章报道一位韩国青年在做电脑生意失败后试图自杀,但后来抓住了经济危机的机会,开办了一个旧电脑店,生意兴隆。)185.Parody(仿拟)TheSunAlsoRises太阳照样升起(作者采用海明威小说的名字,表明对日本的经济还会复苏充满希望)ParadiseLost失乐园(采用英国作家密尔顿小说的名字。文章报道了香港有些人花巨资在国外买期房,结果上当受骗,钱房两空)196.Antithesis(对仗)Antithesisisthedeliberate(故意的)arrangementofcontrastingwordsorideasinbalancedstructuralformstoachieveforceandemphasis.对仗Antithesis:把结构相同或相似、意义相反或相衬的语言单位平行并列,以求得一种匀称的形式美和烈的对比感。对仗使语言鲜明形象,从而加强表达力。206.AntithesisManyQuestions,FewAnswers问题多多,答案少少(文章讲述了英国疯牛病引发的一系列悬而未决的问题)CapitalRich,RevenuePoor资本雄厚,收益可怜(文章报道了一家金融公司因经营不善而导致收入锐减的情况)217.Allusion(典故)Allusionsinwritingarereferencestowell-knownpersons,things,oreventsthatwritersassumearefamiliartotheirreaders.Thisassumptionisbasedontheknowledgeorbeliefthattheirreaderssharewiththemacommonhistorical,culturalandliteraryheritage,whichenablesthereaderstoidentifytheallusionsandtounderstandtheirsignificance.227.Allusion典故是重提过去的一个故事或史实,用作比喻或暗示。其目的是使语言简洁凝炼、风趣幽默、形象生动。237.AllusionPandora’sBox(潘朵拉的盒子)AccordingtotheGreekmyths,PandorawasthefirstwomancreatedbythesupremeGodZeus.ShecarriedaboxinwhichPrometheushadconfinedalltheevilsthatcouldtroublemankind.Asthegodshadanticipated,Pandoraopenedtheboxoutofcuriosity,allowingtheevilstoescapeintotheworld,therebyfrustratingtheeffortsofPrometheus.TheauthorBrianHookemploysthisallusionastheheadlineofhisarticletoexpresshisconcernfortheconsequencesbroughtaboutbythecancellationoffree-housepolicyinChina.247.AllusionPandora’sBox潘朵拉的盒子据希腊神话,潘朵拉是主神宙斯(Zeus)命火神用粘土制成的人类第一个女性。宙斯命潘朵拉带着一个盒子下凡,潘朵拉私自打开盒子,于是里面的疾病,罪恶,疯狂等各种祸害全跑出来散布到世界上。作者BrianHook用此典故作为文章的标题,表明他对1998年中国取消福利分房政策所带来后果的担心。257.AllusionIt’sD-DayforVillageNearDiana’sGrave戴安娜王妃去世,参观墓地者如潮DianawasburiedinavillagenearherhometowninScotland.D-DayreferstoJune6,1944,thedayoftheinvasionofWesternEuropebyAlliedforcesinWorldWarII.TheauthorusesthisallusionastheheadlineofhisarticleshowlargenumberofvisitorscomingtoseeDiana’sgrave.267.AllusionIt’sD-DayforVillageNearDiana’sGrave戴安娜王妃去世,参观墓地者如潮D-Day是第二次世界大战中1944年6月6日同盟国军队进攻西欧的日子。戴安娜王妃1997年在巴黎车祸中遇难后,安葬在苏格兰故乡一个村庄附近。文章作者用此典故以说明大批参观者的到来。2728AnswerstoTaskOneI.1.F2.T3.F4.T29AnswerstoTaskOneII.1.Becausethereisnoevidenceofanyonebecominginfectedwithavianfluasaresultofeatingproperlycookedmeatandeggfrompoultry.2.Becausethoroughcookingwillkillanyvirus,includingthedeadlyH5N1strainofavianflu.30AnswerstoTaskOne3.No,theyrunnoriskofgettingthevirus.4.Theyshouldideallywearprotectionoftheirfaceandhands,andkeeptheworkingareahygienic.31AnswerstoTaskTwoI.1.ARussianvillage,severalhundredkilometerssouthofMoscow2.Suddendeathamongdomesticatedfowl3.Birdfluviruscarriedbymigratorybirds4.Imposingaquarantinearoundthevillageanddestroyingall